Editing Smithsonian Institution (section)

===Museums and buildings===
[[File:Smithsonian.jpg|thumb|330px|The Smithsonian Institution area around the [[National Mall]].]]

Construction began on the [[Smithsonian Institution Building]] ("the Castle") in 1849. Designed by architect [[James Renwick Jr.]], its interiors were completed by general contractor Gilbert Cameron. The building opened in 1855.<ref>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=66000867}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: Smithsonian Institution Building|last=Morton |first=W. Brown III| date= February 8, 1971|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 11, 2009}}</ref>

The Smithsonian's first expansion came with the construction of the [[Arts and Industries Building]] in 1881. Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 [[Philadelphia Centennial Exposition]] generated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architects [[Adolf Cluss]] and Paul Schulze, based on original plans developed by [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Montgomery C. Meigs]] of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]. It opened in 1881.<ref>{{cite web |url={{NHLS url|id=71000994}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian Institution|last=Norton|first=W. Brown III|date=April 6, 1971|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 11, 2009}}</ref>

[[File:A field trip to the Smithsonian Institution LCCN2001702329.jpg|thumb|200px|A school field trip to the Smithsonian Institution, {{c.|1900}}]]

The [[National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoological Park]] opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonian's Department of Living Animals.<ref name="siarchives.si.edu">{{cite web |url= http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/pictures/national-zoological-park |title=National Zoological Park |website= Smithsonian Institution |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141111025911/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/pictures/national-zoological-park |archive-date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> The park was designed by landscape architect [[Frederick Law Olmsted]].<ref name="siarchives.si.edu" />

The [[National Museum of Natural History]] opened in June 1911 to similarly accommodate the Smithsonian's United States National Museum, which had previously been housed in the Castle and then the Arts and Industries Building.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/about/history.htm |title=Museum History |website= nmh.si.edu |publisher=National Museum of Natural History |year=2008 |access-date=November 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726053347/https://www.mnh.si.edu/about/history.htm |archive-date=July 26, 2009}}</ref> This structure was designed by the D.C. architectural firm of [[Hornblower & Marshall]].<ref>{{cite news| title= New Museum Plans| newspaper= The Washington Post| date= April 13, 1903}}</ref>

When [[Detroit]] [[philanthropist]] [[Charles Lang Freer]] donated his private collection to the Smithsonian and funds to build the museum to hold it (which was named the [[Freer Gallery]]), it was among the Smithsonian's first major donations from a private individual.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery|isbn=978-1-85759-297-9|last=Gunter|first=Ann Clyburn|title=A Collector's Journey: Charles Lang Freer and Egypt|date=2002}}{{rp|96}}</ref> The gallery opened in 1923.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-1-62585-064-5| last= Fortier |first= Alison |title=A History Lover's Guide to Washington, D.C.: Designed for Democracy|date=May 6, 2014}}{{rp|110}}</ref>

More than 40 years would pass before the next museum, the Museum of History and Technology (renamed the [[National Museum of American History]] in 1980), opened in 1964. It was designed by the world-renowned firm of [[McKim, Mead & White]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moeller|first1=Gerard Martin|last2=Feldblyum|first2=Boris|title=AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C. |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=2012|isbn=9781421402697|page=78}}</ref> The [[Anacostia Community Museum]], an "experimental store-front" museum created at the initiative of Smithsonian Secretary [[S. Dillon Ripley]], opened in the [[Anacostia]] neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in 1967.<ref name=Bass>{{cite journal|last=Bass|first=Holly |title=Camille Akeju: New Director Seeks to Rejuvenate Anacostia Museum |journal= [[Crisis (journal)|Crisis]] |date=March–April 2006|pages=37–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIEAAAAMBAJ&q=Anacostia+Museum&pg=PA37|access-date=April 22, 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108005536/http://books.google.com/books?id=sEIEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA39&dq=Anacostia%20Museum&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=Anacostia%20Museum&f=false|archive-date=January 8, 2014}}</ref><ref name=SIAHistory>{{cite web|title=Anacostia Community Museum|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/anacostia-community-museum |work=Smithsonian Museums|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution Archives]]|access-date=April 22, 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418131744/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/anacostia-community-museum |archive-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Oehser>{{cite book|last=Oehser|first=Paul H.|title=The Smithsonian Institution |year=1970|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=New York |isbn=8989456584|pages=10 |url= http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1095|access-date=April 22, 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103035755/http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1095 |archive-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration (now the [[Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum]]).<ref>{{cite news|last=Knox|first=Sanka|title=Smithsonian Takes Over Cooper Union Museum|work=The New York Times|date=October 10, 1967|page=41}}</ref> The [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] and the [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]] opened in the [[Old Patent Office Building]] (built in 1867) on October 7, 1968.<ref>{{cite news| last= Richard| first= Paul| title= A National Family Album| newspaper= The Washington Post| date= October 6, 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last= Martin| first= Judith| title= 'Semi, Demi-Heroes' Open New Gallery| newspaper= The Washington Post| date= October 7, 1968}}</ref> The reuse of an older building continued with the opening of the [[Renwick Gallery]] in 1972 in the 1874 Renwick-designed art gallery originally built by local philanthropist [[William Wilson Corcoran]] to house the [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]].<ref name="WP 2013">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/museums/renwick-gallery-of-the-smithsonian-american-art-museum,791815/critic-review.html |title= Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=July 18, 2013 |author=Yardley, William |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110212011708/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/museums/renwick-gallery-of-the-smithsonian-american-art-museum,791815/critic-review.html |archive-date=February 12, 2011}}</ref>

The first new museum building to open since the National Museum of History and Technology was the [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]], which opened in 1974.<ref>{{cite news |last= Raynor |first= Vivian |title= A Preview of the New Hirshhorn Museum|work=The New York Times|date=July 14, 1974|access-date=December 13, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/14/archives/a-preview-of-the-new-hirshhorn-museum-the-hirshhorn-some-arresting.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715220327/http://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/14/archives/a-preview-of-the-new-hirshhorn-museum-the-hirshhorn-some-arresting.html|archive-date=July 15, 2017}}</ref> The [[National Air and Space Museum]], the Smithsonian's largest in terms of floor space, opened in June 1976.<ref>{{cite web| last= Mianecki| first=Julie |title= The List: Six Things You Didn't Know About the Air and Space Museum on its 35th Anniversary|website= smithsonianmag.com |date=June 29, 2011|access-date=December 13, 2016 |url= http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/the-list-six-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-air-and-space-museum-on-its-35th-anniversary-24268503/}}</ref>

Eleven years later, the [[National Museum of African Art]] and the [[Arthur M. Sackler Gallery]] opened in a new, joint, underground museum between the Freer Gallery and the Smithsonian Castle.<ref name=SIAA>{{cite web|title=National Museum of African Art |url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/national-museum-african-art|work=Smithsonian History|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution Archives]]|access-date=May 16, 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528121703/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/national-museum-african-art |archive-date=May 28, 2012}}</ref><ref name= opening>{{cite web| title= Quadrangle Complex Opens |url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1765| publisher= Smithsonian Institution| work= The Torch| date= January 1987| page= 1 |access-date=May 16, 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104132101/http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1765|archive-date=January 4, 2013}} Record Unit 371, Box 5.</ref><ref name=SIA1>{{cite web| title=Arthur M. Sackler Gallery |url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/arthur-m.-sackler-gallery |work= Smithsonian Institution |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution Archives]] |access-date=May 10, 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528121624/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/arthur-m.-sackler-gallery |archive-date=May 28, 2012}}</ref> Reuse of another old building came in 1993 with the opening of the [[National Postal Museum]] in the 1904 former [[Postal Square Building|City Post Office]] building, a few city blocks from the Mall.<ref>{{cite news|last=McAllister |first=Bill|title=The Museum On the Mail|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 2, 1993|page=N58}}</ref>

In 2004, the Smithsonian opened the [[National Museum of the American Indian]] in a new building near the [[United States Capitol]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rothstein|first=Edward|title=Museum With an American Indian Voice|work=The New York Times|date=September 21, 2004|access-date=December 13, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/21/arts/design/museum-with-an-american-indian-voice.html |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615010955/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/21/arts/design/museum-with-an-american-indian-voice.html|archive-date=June 15, 2016}}</ref> Twelve years later almost to the day, in 2016, the latest museum opened: the [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]], in a new building near the [[Washington Monument]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Cotter|first=Holland|title=Review: The Smithsonian African American Museum Is Here at Last. And It Uplifts and Upsets|work=The New York Times|date=September 15, 2016|access-date=December 13, 2016 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/arts/design/smithsonian-african-american-museum-review.html|url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161216023638/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/arts/design/smithsonian-african-american-museum-review.html|archive-date=December 16, 2016}}</ref>

Two more museums have been established and are being planned for eventual construction on the Mall: the [[National Museum of the American Latino]] and the [[Smithsonian American Women's History Museum]].