Editing Smartphone (section)

===PDA/phone hybrids===
{{main|Personal digital assistant}}

Beginning in the mid-to-late 1990s, many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as [[Palm OS]], [[Newton OS]], [[Symbian]] or [[Windows CE]]/[[Pocket PC]]. These operating systems would later evolve into early [[mobile operating system]]s. Most of the "smartphones" in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with basic phone hardware. The results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or PDAs, but allowed a limited amount of cellular Internet access. PDA and mobile phone manufacturers competed in reducing the size of devices. The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans, plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to separate standalone devices, generally limited their popularity to "[[early adopter]]s" and business users who needed portable connectivity.

In March 1996, [[Hewlett-Packard]] released the [[OmniGo 700LX]], a modified [[HP 200LX]] [[palmtop]] PC with a [[Nokia 2110]] mobile phone [[Piggy-back (transportation)|piggybacked]] onto it and [[Read-only memory|ROM]]-based software to support it. It had a 640 × 200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls, and to create and receive text messages, emails and faxes. It was also 100% [[DOS]] 5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]].

[[File:Nokia-9110-2.jpg|thumb|The Nokia 9110 Communicator, opened for access to keyboard]]

In August 1996, [[Nokia]] released the [[Nokia 9000 Communicator]], a digital cellular PDA based on the [[Nokia 2110]] with an integrated system based on the [[PEN/GEOS 3.0]] operating system from [[Geoworks]]. The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a [[clamshell design]], with the display above and a physical [[QWERTY keyboard]] below. The PDA provided [[Email|e-mail]]; calendar, address book, [[calculator]] and notebook applications; text-based Web browsing; and could send and receive faxes. When closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone.

In June 1999, [[Qualcomm]] released the "pdQ Smartphone", a [[code-division multiple access|CDMA]] digital [[Personal Communications Service|PCS]] smartphone with an integrated [[Palm OS|Palm]] PDA and Internet connectivity.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.qualcomm.com/media/releases/1999/06/15/qualcomm-s-pdq-smartphone-provides-ideal-platform-wireless-business | title=Qualcomm's pdQ Smartphone | publisher=Qualcomm}}</ref>

Subsequent landmark devices included:

* The [[Ericsson R380]] (December 2000)<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Ericsson R380 / R380s {{!}} Device Specs |url=http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=1062&c=ericsson_r380__r380s |website=PhoneDB |date=January 25, 2008 |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref> by [[Ericsson Mobile Communications]],<ref name="geek-com-r380-review">{{cite web | url=http://www.geek.com/hwswrev/pda/ericr380/ | title=PDA Review: Ericsson R380 Smartphone | publisher=Geek.com | access-date=April 27, 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712081211/http://www.geek.com/hwswrev/pda/ericr380/ | archive-date=July 12, 2011}}</ref> the first phone running the operating system later named [[Symbian OS|Symbian]] (it ran [[EPOC (operating system)|EPOC]] Release 5, which was renamed Symbian OS at Release 6). It had PDA functionality and limited Web browsing on a [[resistive touchscreen]] utilizing a [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]].<ref name="ericsson-r380-review">{{cite news | url=http://uk.pcmag.com/ericsson-r380-world/31723/review/ericsson-r380-world | title=Ericsson R380 World Review & Rating | work=PC Magazine | date=April 24, 2001 | first=Bruce | last=Brown}}</ref> While it was marketed as a "smartphone",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mobilemag.com/2001/09/25/ericsson-introduces-the-new-r380e | title=Ericsson Introduces The New R380e | work=Mobile Magazine | access-date=April 27, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325060908/http://www.mobilemag.com/2001/09/25/ericsson-introduces-the-new-r380e/ | archive-date=March 25, 2012 | url-status=dead}}</ref> users could not install their own software on the device.
* The [[Kyocera 6035]] (February 2001),<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Kyocera QCP 6035 {{!}} Device Specs |url=http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=1163&c=kyocera_qcp_6035 |website=PhoneDB |date=February 29, 2008 |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref> a dual-nature device with a separate [[Palm OS]] PDA operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware. It supported limited Web browsing with the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.palminfocenter.com/view_story.asp?ID=1707 |title=Kyocera QCP 6035 Smartphone Review |website=Palm Infocenter |date=March 16, 2001 |access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Segan |first=Sascha |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2361664,00.asp |title=Kyocera Launches First Smartphone In Years &#124; News & Opinion |publisher=PCmag.com |date=March 23, 2010 |access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> 
* The [[Nokia 9210 Communicator]] (June 2001),<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Nokia 9210 Communicator Device Specs |url=http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=886&c=nokia_9210_communicator |website=PhoneDB |date=16 Oct 2007 |access-date=28 Sep 2019}}</ref> the first phone running Symbian (Release 6) with [[Nokia]]'s [[Series 80 (software platform)|Series 80]] platform (v1.0). This was the first Symbian phone platform allowing the installation of additional applications. Like the Nokia 9000 Communicator, it is a large clamshell device with a full physical [[QWERTY keyboard]] inside.
* [[Handspring (company)|Handspring]]'s [[Treo 180]] (2002), the first smartphone that fully integrated the [[Palm OS]] on a GSM mobile phone having telephony, SMS messaging and Internet access built into the OS. The 180 model had a thumb-type keyboard and the [[Treo 180g|180g]] version had a [[Graffiti (Palm OS)|Graffiti]] handwriting recognition area, instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobiletechreview.com/handspring_treo.htm |title=Handspring Treo Communicator 180 |publisher=mobiletechreview.com |access-date=2016-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617023521/http://www.mobiletechreview.com/handspring_treo.htm |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>