Editing Slavery (section)

=== Chattel slavery ===
[[File:Slavery21.jpg|thumb|200px|''Flogging a slave fastened to the ground'', illustration in an 1853 anti-slavery pamphlet]]
[[File:Sale of negroes 1860.jpg|thumb|upright|A poster for a slave auction in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S., 1860]]
[[File:Woman-slave.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of an older woman in [[New Orleans]] with her enslaved servant girl in the mid-19th century]]

As a social institution, chattel slavery classes slaves as ''chattels'' ([[personal property]]) owned by the enslaver; like livestock, they can be bought and sold at will.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brace |first=Laura |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=osZnIiqDd4sC|page=162}} |title=The Politics of Property: Labour, Freedom and Belonging |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7486-1535-3 |page=162|access-date=May 31, 2012}}</ref> Chattel slavery was historically the normal form of slavery and was practiced in places such as the [[Slavery in ancient Rome|Roman Empire]] and [[slavery in ancient Greece|classical Greece]], where it was considered a keystone of society.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Keith Bradley |title=slavery, Roman |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-7311 |website=[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=June 27, 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.7311 |date=March 7, 2016 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 |quote=chattel-slavery, whereby the slave‐owner enjoyed complete mastery (dominium) over the slave's physical being […] was evident throughout the central era of Roman history, and in Roman no less than Greek thought was regarded as both the necessary antithesis of civic freedom}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/snowden-lectures-keith-bradley-the-bitter-chain-of-slavery/ |title='The Bitter Chain of Slavery': Reflections on Slavery in Ancient Rome |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |last=Bradley |first=Keith |date=November 2, 2020 |access-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411063656/https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/snowden-lectures-keith-bradley-the-bitter-chain-of-slavery/ |archive-date=April 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Finley |first=Moses I. |title=Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology |publisher=Viking Press |year=1980 |isbn=9780670122776 |pages=71 |language=EN}}</ref> Other places where it was extensively practiced include [[Slavery in Egypt|Medieval Egypt]],<ref name=Alexander>{{cite journal |date=2001 |doi=10.1080/00438240120047627 |first=J. |jstor=00438243 |language=en |last=Alexander |number=1 |page=51 |periodical=[[World Archaeology]] |quote=Chattel-slaves were needed, especially from the ninth to thirteenth centuries, in the gold and emerald (carbuncle) mines of the Wadi Allaqi in the deserts east of the Nile’s  2nd Cataract |title=Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa |volume=33}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Subsaharan Africa,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Burkholder, Mark A.|author2=Johnson, Lyman L.|chapter=1. America, Iberia, and Africa Before the Conquest|date=2019|edition=10th|language=en|page=10|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|quote=Wealth rested heavily on the possession of slaves across the large empires of West Africa as well as in Benin and other kingdoms […] Slave owners in sub-Saharan Africa also employed their chattel in a variety of occupations.|title=Colonial Latin America}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Brazil, the [[Antebellum South|Antebellum United States]], and parts of the Caribbean such as Cuba and Haiti.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bergad |first=Laird W. |title=The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780521872355 |location=New York |pages=57,132,165,166 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Slavery and Social Death : A Comparative Study |first=Orlando |title=Patterson |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1982 |isbn=9780674986909 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=X |language=EN}}</ref>  The Iroquois enslaved others in ways that "looked very like chattel slavery."<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[Wendy Warren]] |date=2016 |edition=1st. |language=en |pages=110–111 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-87140-672-9|quote=the Iroquois confederacy, people who practiced a form of captive taking that in some ways looked very like chattel slavery |title=New England Bound}}</ref>

Beginning in the 18th century, a series of [[abolitionist]] movements saw slavery as a violation of the slaves' rights as people ("[[all men are created equal]]"), and sought to abolish it. Abolitionism encountered extreme resistance but was eventually successful. Several of the states of the United States began abolishing slavery during the American Revolutionary War. The French Revolution tried to abolish slavery in 1794, but a permanent abolition did not occur until 1848. In much of the British Empire, slavery was subject to abolition in 1833, throughout the United States it was abolished in 1865 and in Cuba in 1886. The last country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Brazil, [[Slavery in Brazil|in 1888]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/slavery/contemporary/essay-chattel-slavery.html |title=Traditional or Chattel Slavery |website=FSE Project |publisher=The Feminist Sexual Ethics Project |access-date=August 31, 2014 }}</ref>

Chattel slavery survived longest in [[history of slavery in the Muslim world|the Middle East]]. After the [[Atlantic slave trade|trans-Atlantic slave trade]] had been suppressed, the ancient [[trans-Saharan slave trade]], the [[Indian Ocean slave trade]] and the [[Red Sea slave trade]] continued to traffic slaves from the African continent to the Middle East. During the 20th century, the issue of chattel slavery was addressed and investigated globally by international bodies created by the [[League of Nations]] and the United Nations, such as the [[Temporary Slavery Commission]] in 1924–1926, the [[Committee of Experts on Slavery]] in 1932, and the [[Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery]] in 1934–1939.<ref name="Miers, S. 2003">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press.</ref> By the time of the UN [[Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery]] in 1950–1951, legal chattel slavery still existed only in the Arabian Peninsula: [[Slavery in Oman|in Oman]], [[Slavery in Qatar|in Qatar]], [[Slavery in Saudi Arabia|in Saudi Arabia]], [[Slavery in the Trucial States|in the Trucial States]] and [[Slavery in Yemen|in Yemen]].<ref name="Miers, S. 2003"/>  Legal chattel slavery was finally abolished in the Arabian Peninsula in the 1960s: Saudi Arabia and Yemen in 1962, in Dubai in 1963, and Oman as the last in 1970.<ref name="Miers, S. 2003"/>

The last country to abolish slavery, [[Mauritania]], [[Slavery in Mauritania|did so in 1981]]. While slavery had technically been banned by colonial France in French West Africa (including Mauritania) already in 1905,<ref name="Ghanem">{{cite web|url=http://www.onislam.net/english/politics/africa/438414 |title=Slavery in Mauritania Emancipating the Free |date=21 August 2007 |website=Onislam.net |last1=Ghanem |first1=Omar |access-date=28 October 2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028173723/http://www.onislam.net/english/politics/africa/438414 |archive-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref> this had been a purely nominal ban. The 1981 ban on slavery was not enforced in practice, as there were no legal mechanisms to prosecute those who used slaves, these only came in 2007.<ref name="NYER-2014" /><ref name=BBC>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm | work=[[BBC News]] | title=Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law | date=9 August 2007 | access-date=2010-05-23}}</ref>