Editing Simón Bolívar (section)

===Return to Venezuela and second journey to Europe: 1802–1805===
[[File:Matrimonio de Simón Bolívar by Tito Salas, 1921.jpg|thumb|left|Wedding of Bolívar and del Toro as painted by [[Tito Salas]], 1921]]
Bolívar and del Toro, aged 18 and 21 respectively, were married in Madrid on 26 May 1802.{{sfnm|Lynch|2006|1p=20|Arana|2013|2p=48}} The couple boarded the ''San Ildefonso'' in [[La Coruña]]{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=48}} on 15 June and sailed for La Guaira, where they arrived on 12 July.{{sfn|Lynch|2006|p=20}} They settled in Caracas, where del Toro fell ill and died of [[yellow fever]] on 22 January 1803.{{sfnm|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=19|Lynch|2006|2p=20|Arana|2013|3pp=49–50}} Bolívar was devastated by del Toro's death and later told [[Louis Peru de Lacroix]], one of his generals and biographers, that he swore to never remarry.{{sfnm|Masur|1969|1p=31|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2pp=19–20|Lynch|2006|3p=21|Langley|2009|4p=14|Arana|2013|5pp=50–51}} By July 1803,{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=51}} Bolívar had decided to leave Venezuela for Europe. He entrusted his estates to an agent and his brother and in October boarded a ship bound for Cádiz.{{sfnm|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1pp=19–20|Lynch|2006|2p=22|Arana|2013|3p=51}}

Bolívar arrived in Spain in December 1803, then traveled to Madrid to console his father-in-law.{{sfnm|Masur|1969|1pp=33–34|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=20|Lynch|2006|3p=22|Langley|2009|4p=15|Arana|2013|5pp=51–52}} In March 1804, the municipal authorities of Madrid ordered all non-residents in the city to leave to alleviate a bread shortage brought about by Spain's [[Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)|resumed hostilities with Britain]].{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=52}}{{sfnm|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=20|Langley|2009|2p=15}} Over April, Bolívar and {{ill|Fernando Rodríguez del Toro|es}}, a childhood friend and relative of his wife, made their way to Paris and arrived in time for [[Napoleon]] to be proclaimed [[Emperor of the French]] on 18 May 1804.{{sfnm|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=20|Arana|2013|2p=52}} They rented an apartment on the {{ill|Rue Vivienne|fr}} and met with other South Americans such as [[Carlos de Montúfar]], [[Vicente Rocafuerte]], and Simón Rodríguez, who joined Bolívar and del Toro in their apartment. While in Paris, Bolívar began a [[Wiktionary:dalliance|dalliance]] with the Countess Dervieu du Villars,{{sfnm|Lynch|2006|1p=23|Arana|2013|2pp=53–54}} at whose [[Salon (gathering)|salon]] he likely met the naturalists [[Alexander von Humboldt]] and [[Aimé Bonpland]], who had traveled through much of [[Spanish America]] from 1799 to 1804. Bolívar allegedly discussed Spanish American independence with them.{{sfnm|Masur|1969|1pp=36–37|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2pp=21–22|Lynch|2006|3p=23|Langley|2009|4p=15|Arana|2013|5pp=54, 57–58}}

{{Quote box
|align=right
|salign=right
|width=20%
|text=I swear before you{{nbsp}}... that I will not rest body or soul until I have broken the chains binding us to the will of Spanish might!
|author=Simón Bolívar, 15 August 1805{{sfnm|Bushnell|2003|1p=114|Brown|2009|2p=4}}
}}

In April 1805, Bolívar left Paris with Rodríguez and del Toro on a [[Grand Tour]] to [[Italy]].{{sfnm|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=24|Lynch|2006|2p=25|Arana|2013|3p=61}} Beginning in [[Lyon]], they traveled through the [[Savoy Alps]] and then to [[Milan]].{{sfnm|Masur|1969|1p=41|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=24|Lynch|2006|3p=25|Arana|2013|4pp=61–62}} The trio arrived on 26 May 1805 and witnessed Napoleon's coronation as [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|King of Italy]].{{sfnm|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=24|Arana|2013|2p=62}} From Milan, they traveled down the [[Po Valley]] to [[Venice]], then to [[Florence]], and then finally [[Rome]],{{sfnm|Masur|1969|1p=41|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=24|Lynch|2006|3p=26|Arana|2013|4p=63}} where Bolívar met, among others, [[Pope Pius VII]], French writer [[Germaine de Staël]], and Humboldt again.{{sfnm|Masur|1969|1pp=41–42|Arana|2013|2pp=63, 65}} Rome's sites and history excited Bolívar. On 18 August 1805, when he, del Toro, and Rodríguez traveled to the [[Mons Sacer]], where [[First secessio plebis|the plebs had seceded from Rome]] in the 4th century BC, Bolívar swore to end Spanish rule in the Americas.{{sfnm|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=24|Lynch|2006|2p=26|Arana|2013|3pp=65–66}}