Editing Signal transduction (section)

===Mechanical forces===
{{Main|Mechanotransduction}}
The prevalence of [[basement membranes]] in the tissues of [[Eumetazoa]]ns means that most cell types require [[cell adhesion|attachment]] to survive. This requirement has led to the development of complex mechanotransduction pathways, allowing cells to sense the stiffness of the substratum. Such signaling is mainly orchestrated in [[focal adhesions]], regions where the [[integrin]]-bound [[actin]] [[cytoskeleton]] detects changes and transmits them downstream through [[YAP1]].<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Dupont S, Morsut L, Aragona M, Enzo E, Giulitti S, Cordenonsi M, Zanconato F, Le Digabel J, Forcato M, Bicciato S, Elvassore N, Piccolo S |date=June 2011 |title=Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction |journal=Nature |volume=474 |issue=7350 |pages=179–83 |doi=10.1038/nature10137 |pmid=21654799 |s2cid=205225137}}</ref> Calcium-dependent [[cell adhesion molecules]] such as [[cadherin]]s and [[selectin]]s can also mediate mechanotransduction.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ingber DE |date=May 2006 |title=Cellular mechanotransduction: putting all the pieces together again |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=811–27 |doi=10.1096/fj.05-5424rev |pmid=16675838 |s2cid=21267494 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Specialised forms of mechanotransduction within the nervous system are responsible for [[mechanosensation]]: [[hearing]], [[touch]], [[proprioception]] and [[sense of balance|balance]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kung C |date=August 2005 |title=A possible unifying principle for mechanosensation |journal=Nature |volume=436 |issue=7051 |pages=647–54 |bibcode=2005Natur.436..647K |doi=10.1038/nature03896 |pmid=16079835 |s2cid=4374012}}</ref>