Editing Shia Islam (section)

=== Origins ===
{{main|Origin of Shia Islam|Ali ibn Abi Taleb|First Fitna}}

[[File:Investiture of Ali Edinburgh codex.jpg|thumb|The investiture of [[Ali|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]] at [[Rabigh#Ghadir Khumm|Ghadir Khumm]] ([[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries|MS Arab 161]], fol. 162r, 1308–1309 CE, [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] manuscript illustration)]]

The Shia, originally known as the "partisans" of [[Ali|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]], Muhammad's cousin and [[Fatima]]'s husband, first emerged as a distinct movement during the [[First Fitna]] from 656 to 661 CE. Shia doctrine holds that ʿAlī was meant to lead the community after Muhammad's death in 632. Historians dispute over the [[History of Shia Islam|origins of Shia Islam]], with many Western scholars positing that Shīʿīsm began as a political faction rather than a truly religious movement.<ref>See: Lapidus p. 47, Holt p. 72</ref><ref name="franc23">Francis Robinson, ''Atlas of the Islamic World'', p. 23.</ref> Other scholars disagree, considering this concept of religious-political separation to be an anachronistic application of a Western concept.<ref>Jafri, S.H. Mohammad. "The Origin and Early Development of Shiʻa Islam", Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 6, {{ISBN|978-0-19-579387-1}}</ref>

Shia Muslims believe that Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his heir during a speech at [[Ghadir Khumm]].<ref name=":2" /> The point of contention between different Muslim sects arises when Muhammad, whilst giving his speech, gave the proclamation "Anyone who has me as his {{transliteration|ar|[[mawla]]}}, has ʿAlī as his {{transliteration|ar|mawla}}".<ref name="jaarel 2015" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Shiʿi |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii |access-date=28 December 2021 |last=Newman |first=Andrew J.}}</ref><ref name="Esposito, John 2002. p. 40">Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam". Oxford University Press, 2002 | {{ISBN|978-0-19-515713-0}}. p. 40</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From the article on Shii Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2189?_hi=26&_pos=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528231159/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2189?_hi=26&_pos=238 |archive-date=28 May 2012 |access-date=4 May 2011 |publisher=Oxfordislamicstudies.com}}</ref> Some versions add the additional sentence "O God, befriend the friend of ʿAlī and be the enemy of his enemy".<ref name="Amir-Moezzi">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ghadīr Khumm |entry=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Three |date=2014 |author-link1=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |editor1=Kate Fleet |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |last1=Amir-Moezzi |first1=Mohammad Ali |editor2=Gundrun Krämer |editor-link2=Gudrun Krämer |editor3=Denis Matringe |editor4=John Nawas |editor5=Everett Rowson}}</ref> Sunnis maintain that Muhammad emphasized the deserving friendship and respect for ʿAlī. In contrast, Shia Muslims assert that the statement unequivocally designates ʿAlī as Muhammad's appointed successor.<ref name="jaarel 2015" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Olawuyi |first=Toyib |url=https://www.al-islam.org/khilafah-ali-over-abu-bakr-toyib-olawuyi/preface |title=On the Khilafah of Ali over Abu Bakr |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4928-5884-3 |pages=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422181325/http://www.al-islam.org/khilafah-ali-over-abu-bakr-toyib-olawuyi/preface |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Shura Principle in Islam – by Sadek Sulaiman |url=http://www.alhewar.com/SadekShura.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727210611/http://www.alhewar.com/SadekShura.htm |archive-date=27 July 2016 |access-date=18 June 2016 |website=www.alhewar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-04 |title=Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |access-date=2021-08-14 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Shia sources also record further details of the event, such as stating that those present congratulated ʿAlī and acclaimed him as {{transliteration|ar|[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]}} ("commander of the believers").<ref name="Amir-Moezzi" />

When Muhammad died in 632 CE, [[Ali|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]] and Muhammad's closest relatives made the funeral arrangements. While they were preparing his body, [[Abu Bakr|Abū Bakr]], [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb]], and [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah]] met with the leaders of Medina and elected Abū Bakr as the first ''[[Rashidun|rāshidūn]]'' caliph. Abū Bakr served from 632 to 634, and was followed by Umar (634–644) and [[Uthman ibn Affan|ʿUthmān]] (644–656).<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Kufa Mosque.jpg|thumb|[[Great Mosque of Kufa]], site of ʿAlī's assassination (661 CE)<ref name="Merriam-Webster 1999, p. 525" /><ref name="Esposito, John 2002. p. 46" />]]
With the murder of ʿUthmān in 657 CE, the Muslims of [[Medina]] invited ʿAlī to become the fourth caliph as the last source,<ref name="Merriam-Webster 1999, p. 525" /> and he established his capital in [[Kufa]].<ref name="Britannica738" /> ʿAlī's rule over the [[Rashidun Caliphate|early Islamic empire]], between 656 CE to 661 CE, was often contested.<ref name=":2" /> Tensions eventually led to the [[First Fitna]], the first major [[civil war]] between Muslims within the empire, which began as a series of revolts fought against ʿAlī. While the rebels had previously affirmed the legitimacy of ʿAlī's ''khilafāʾ'' (caliphate), they later turned against ʿAlī and fought him.<ref name="Merriam-Webster 1999, p. 525" /> Tensions escalated into the [[Battle of the Camel]] in 656, where Ali's forces emerged victorious against [[Aisha]], [[Talha ibn 'Ubayd Allah|Talhah]], and [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|al-Zubayr]]. However, the [[Battle of Siffin]] in 657 turned the tide against ʿAlī, who lost due to arbitration issues with [[Muawiyah I|Muawiyah]], the governor of Damascus.<ref name=":2" /> ʿAlī withdrew to Kufa, overcoming the [[Kharijites|Kharijis]], a faction that had transformed from supporters to bitter rivals, at Nahrawan in 658. In 661, ʿAlī was assassinated by a Khariji assassin in Kufa while in the act of prostration during prayer ({{transliteration|ar|[[sujud]]}}). Subsequently, Muawiyah asserted his claim to the caliphate.<ref>The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed., Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998, {{ISBN|0-85229-663-0}}, Vol. 10, p. tid738</ref><ref name="Esposito, John 2002. p. 46" />