Editing Sheffield (section)

===Early history===
[[File:Ruins of Sheffield Manor 1819 1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Lithograph drawing showing a large stately home in ruins|[[Sheffield Manor]] ruins as they appeared {{circa|1819}}]]
The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have been inhabited since at least the late [[Upper Paleolithic]], about 12,800 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pike |first1=Alistair W. G. |last2=Gilmour |first2=Mabs |last3=Pettitt |first3=Paul |last4=Jacobid |first4=Roger |last5=Ripoll |first5=Sergio |last6=Bahn |first6=Paul |last7=Muñoz |first7=Francisco |year=2005 |title=Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1649–1655 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002|bibcode=2005JArSc..32.1649P }}</ref> The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Sheffield area was found at [[Creswell Crags]] to the east of the city. In the [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]] the area became the southernmost territory of the [[Pennines|Pennine]] tribe called the [[Brigantes]]. It is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several [[hillfort]]s in and around Sheffield.<ref name=VICKERS/>

Following the departure of the Romans, the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of the [[Celtic Britons|Brittonic]] kingdom of [[Elmet]], with the rivers Sheaf and Don forming part of the boundary between this kingdom and the kingdom of [[Mercia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cox |first=Tony |year=2003 |title=The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet |journal=The Barwicker |volume=39 |page=43 |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm |archive-date=1 October 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gradually, [[Angles (tribe)|Anglian]] settlers pushed west from the kingdom of [[Deira]]. A Britonnic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called [[Wales, South Yorkshire|Wales]] and Waleswood close to Sheffield.<ref>The word ''Wales'' derives from the Germanic word ''[[Walhaz]]'', and was originally used by the Anglo-Saxons to refer to the native Britons. In reference to the villages of Wales and Waleswood, [[Sidney Oldall Addy|S.O. Addy]], in his ''A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield'', p. 274, states "The Anglo-Saxon invaders or settlers called the old inhabitants or aborigines of this country wealas, or foreigners." See also, "Welsh" in {{cite book |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |year=1989 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |isbn=0-19-210019-X |last1=Simpson |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Roud |first2=Stephen}}</ref> The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the second half of the first millennium, and are of [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Danelaw|Danish]] origin.<ref name="VICKERS">{{cite book |last=Vickers |first=J.&nbsp;Edward |title=Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany |year=1999 |edition=2nd |publisher=The Hallamshire Press Limited |isbn=1-874718-44-X}}</ref> In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of [[Mercia]] and [[Kingdom of Northumbria|Northumbria]]. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' reports that [[Eanred of Northumbria]] submitted to [[Egbert of Wessex]] at the hamlet of [[Dore, South Yorkshire|Dore]] (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829,<ref>In an entry dated 827, the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' states "Egbert led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home" ([http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html transcription] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124643/http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html |date=13 April 2018 }}). Most sources (for example Vickers, ''Old Sheffield Town'') state that the date given in the chronicle is incorrect, and that 829 is the more likely date for this event.</ref> a key event in the unification of the kingdom of England under the [[House of Wessex]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fry |first=Plantagenet Somerset |title=The Kings & Queens of England & Scotland |year=1990 |publisher=Grove Atlantic Press |isbn=0-8021-1386-9 |author-link=Plantagenet Somerset Fry |page=[https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng00some/page/11 11] |url=https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng00some/page/11}}</ref>

After the [[Norman conquest of England]], insurrection by the populace led to the devastation of the Sheffield area during the [[Harrying of the North]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |title=Hallamshire |page=20}}</ref> and [[Sheffield Castle]] was built to control the ruined local settlements. A small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Joseph |title=[[Hallamshire]]: The History and Topography of the Parish of Sheffield in the County of York |publisher=Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor, and Jones |year=1819 |pages=24–29 |chapter=Sheffield under [[Roger de Busli|De Busli]] and [[William de Lovetot|De Lovetot]]}}</ref> By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as [[Castle Square, Sheffield|Castle Square]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |title=Markets history – 1700s and before |access-date=7 October 2008 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611230740/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |archive-date=11 June 2011}}</ref> and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small [[market town]]. In the 14th&nbsp;century, Sheffield was already noted for the production of [[knives]], as mentioned in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'',<ref>[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] in [[The Reeve's Prologue and Tale|The Reeve's Tale]] from his book ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' wrote: "Ther was no man, for peril, dorste hym touche. A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose. Round was his face, and camus was his nose"</ref> and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre of [[cutlery]] manufacture in England outside London, overseen by the [[Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hey |first=David |title=Mesters to Masters: a History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire |editor-first=Clyde |editor-last=Binfield |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Hey |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |pages=12–25 |chapter=The Establishment of the Cutlers Company |isbn=0-19-828997-9}}</ref> From 1570 to 1584, [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and [[Sheffield Manor]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leader |first=John Daniel |title=Mary queen of Scots in captivity: a narrative of events from January 1569, to December, 1584, whilst George Earl of Shrewsbury was the guardian of the Scottish Queen |url=https://archive.org/details/maryqueenofscots00lead_0 |publisher=Leader & Sons |year=1880 |oclc=57701910 |isbn=1-177-40664-0}}</ref>