Editing Sea of Galilee (section)

==History==
===Prehistory===
In 1989, remains of a [[hunter-gatherer]] site were found under the water at the southern end. Remains of mud huts were found in [[Ohalo]]. Nahal Ein Gev, located about {{Convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of the lake, contains a village from the late [[Natufian culture|Natufian]] period. The site is considered one of the first permanent human settlements in the world from a time predating the [[Neolithic Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stock|first1=Jay T.|last2=Martin|first2=Louise|last3=Jones|first3=Matthew D.|last4=Macdonald|first4=Danielle|last5=Richter|first5=Tobias|last6=Maher|first6=Lisa A.|date=15 February 2012|title=Twenty Thousand-Year-Old Huts at a Hunter-Gatherer Settlement in Eastern Jordan|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=e31447|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031447|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3280235|pmid=22355366|bibcode=2012PLoSO...731447M|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Early Iron Age ===
According to Sugimoto (2015), the Iron Age IB (1150–1000 BCE) cities in the northeastern region of the Sea of Galilee likely reflect the activities of the Kingdom of [[Geshur]], mentioned in the Bible. Also, the later Iron Age IIA–B cities here are linked with the southern expansion of the [[Aram-Damascus]] kingdom. Among these Galilean cities are Tel Dover, Tel ‘En Gev, Tel Hadar, Tel Bethsaida, and Tel Kinrot.<ref>David T. Sugimoto 2015, [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/50/0/50_91/_article History and Nature of Iron Age Cities in the Northeastern Sea of Galilee Region: A Preliminary Overview.] ORIENT Volume 50, 2015</ref>

===Hellenistic and Roman periods===
The Sea of Galilee lies on the ancient [[Via Maris]], which linked [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] with the northern empires. The [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]], [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmoneans]], and [[Roman Empire|Romans]] founded flourishing towns and settlements on the lake including [[Hippos (Golan Heights)|Hippos]] and [[Tiberias]]. Contemporary Roman–Jewish historian [[Flavius Josephus]] was so impressed by the area that he wrote, "One may call this place the ambition of Nature"; he also reports a thriving fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake. Archaeologists discovered one such boat, nicknamed the [[Sea of Galilee Boat|Jesus Boat]], in 1986.<ref>Rabinovich, Abraham (1999). "'Jesus Boat' Causes Ripples". ''Jerusalem Post''.</ref>[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Christ Appears on the Shore of Lake Tiberias (Apparition du Christ sur les bords du lac de Tibériade) - James Tissot.jpg|thumb|''Jesus appears on the shore of Lake Tiberias'' by James Tissot]]

[[File:Petri Fischzug Raffael.jpg|thumb|Jesus and the [[miraculous catch of fish]], in the Sea of Galilee, by [[Raphael]]]]
In the New Testament, much of the [[ministry of Jesus]] occurs on the shores of the Sea of Galilee. In those days, there was a continuous ribbon development of settlements and villages around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The [[Synoptic Gospels]] of [[Mark 1]]:14–20), [[Matthew 4]]:18–22), and [[Luke 5]]:1–11) describe how Jesus recruited four of his [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] from the shores of the Kinneret: the fishermen [[Saint Peter|Simon]] and his brother [[Andrew the Apostle|Andrew]] and the brothers [[John the Apostle|John]] and [[James the Great|James]]. One of Jesus' famous teaching episodes, the [[Sermon on the Mount]], is supposed to have been given on a hill overlooking the Kinneret. Many of his miracles are also said to have occurred here including [[Jesus walking on water|his walking on water]], [[calming the storm]], the disciples and the [[miraculous catch of fish]], and his [[feeding the multitude|feeding five thousand people]] (in [[Tabgha]]). In John's Gospel the sea provides the setting for Jesus' third [[Resurrection of Jesus#Biblical accounts|post-resurrection appearance]] to his disciples ([[John 21]]).

In 135 CE, [[Bar Kokhba's revolt]] was put down which was part of the [[Jewish–Roman wars]]. The Romans responded by banning all Jews from [[Jerusalem]]. The center of Jewish culture and learning shifted to the region of Galilee and the Kinneret, particularly Tiberias. It was in this region that the [[Jerusalem Talmud]] was compiled.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chong |first=Timothy Kh |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1147863761 |title=Strategies In Church Discipline From 1 Corinthians : a Chinese Perspective. |date=2016 |publisher=Westbow Press |isbn=978-1-5127-5049-2 |oclc=1147863761}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
The Sea of Galilee's importance declined when the [[Byzantine Empire]] lost control, and the area came under the control of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] and subsequent Islamic empires. The palace of [[Khirbat al-Minya|Minya]] was built by the lake during the reign of [[al-Walid I]] (705–715 CE). Apart from Tiberias, the major towns and cities in the area were gradually abandoned.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} In 1187, Sultan [[Saladin]] defeated the armies of the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] at the [[Battle of Hattin]], largely because he was able to cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicolle |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27770050 |title=Hattin 1187 : Saladin's greatest victory |date=1993 |publisher=[Osprey] |isbn=978-1-85532-284-4 |location=[London] |pages=64 |oclc=27770050}}</ref>

The lake had little importance within the early [[Ottoman Empire]]. Tiberias did see a significant revival of its Jewish community in the 16th century but had gradually declined until the city was [[1660 destruction of Tiberias|destroyed in 1660]]. In the early 18th century, Tiberias was rebuilt by [[Zahir al-Umar]], becoming the center of his rule over Galilee, and seeing also a revival of its Jewish community.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

===Early 20th century===
In 1908, Jewish pioneers established the [[Kinneret Farm]] at the same time as and next to Moshavat Kinneret in the immediate vicinity of the lake. The farm trained Jewish immigrants in modern farming. One group of youth from the training farm established [[Kvutza]]t [[Degania Alef|Degania]] in 1909–1910, popularly considered as the first [[kibbutz]], another group founded [[Kvutzat Kinneret]] in 1913, and yet another the first proper kibbutz, [[Ein Harod]], in 1921, the same year when the first [[moshav]], [[Nahalal]], was established by a group trained at the farm. The Jewish settlements around Kinneret Farm are considered the cradle of the kibbutz culture of early [[Zionism]]; Kvutzat Kinneret is the birthplace of [[Naomi Shemer]], buried at the Kinneret Cemetery next to [[Rachel Bluwstein|Rachel]]—two prominent national poets.[[File:Nofkinneret.jpg|thumb|Southern tip of the lake, seen from Mount Poriya]]
[[File:Lever de soleil depuis Tibériade.jpg|thumb|Sunrise over the Sea of Galilee from the Oasis d'Emmanuel – Tibériade]]

In 1917, the British defeated Ottoman Turkish forces and took control of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], while France took control of Syria. In the carve-up of the Ottoman territories between Britain and France, it was agreed that Britain would retain control of Palestine while France would control Syria. This required the allies to fix the border between the [[Mandatory Palestine]] and the [[French Mandate of Syria]].<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/palmanda.htm The Preamble of the League of Nations Mandate] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421094709/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/palmanda.htm |date=21 April 2016 }}</ref> The boundary was defined in broad terms by the [[Franco-British Boundary Agreement (1920)|Franco-British Boundary Agreement]] of December 1920, which drew it across the middle of the lake.<ref name="treaty1920">Franco-British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon, Palestine and Mesopotamia, signed 23 December 1920. Text available in ''American Journal of International Law'', Vol. 16, No. 3, 1922, 122–126.</ref> However, the commission established by the 1920 treaty redrew the boundary. The Zionist movement pressured the French and British to assign as many water sources as possible to Mandatory Palestine during the demarcating negotiations. The High Commissioner of Palestine, [[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Herbert Samuel]], had sought full control of the Sea of Galilee.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jC9MbKNh8GUC ''The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840–1947''] (2004), by Gideon Biger. Publisher Rutledge Curzon. {{ISBN|978-0-7146-5654-0}}, p. 130.</ref> The negotiations led to the inclusion into the Palestine territory of the whole Sea of Galilee, both sides of the [[River Jordan]], [[Lake Hula]], Dan spring, and part of the [[Yarmuk (river)|Yarmouk]].<ref>''The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840–1947'', p. 150. and 130.</ref> The final border approved in 1923 followed a 10-meter wide strip along the lake's northeastern shore,<ref>''The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840–1947'', p. 145.</ref> cutting the Mandatory Syria ([[State of Damascus]]) off from the lake.

The British and French Agreement provided that existing rights over the use of the waters of the River Jordan by the inhabitants of Syria would be maintained; the government of Syria would have the right to erect a new pier at [[Samakh, Tiberias|Semakh]] on Lake Tiberias or jointly use the existing pier; persons or goods passing between the landing-stage on the Lake of Tiberias and Semakh would not be subject to customs regulations, and the Syrian government would have access to the said landing-stage; the inhabitants of Syria and Lebanon would have the same fishing and navigation rights on Lakes Huleh, Tiberias and River Jordan, while the government of Palestine would be responsible for policing of lakes.<ref>[http://untreaty.un.org/unts/60001_120000/20/29/00039450.pdf Agreement between His Majesty's Government and the French Government respecting the Boundary Line between Syria and Palestine from the Mediterranean to El Hámmé] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909201308/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/60001_120000/20/29/00039450.pdf |date=9 September 2008 }}, Treaty Series No. 13 (1923), Cmd. 1910. Page 7.</ref>

===State of Israel===
[[File:Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee), Northern Israel.jpg|thumb|upright|View of the Sea of Galilee from space]]

On 15 May 1948, Syria invaded the newborn state of Israel,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/flash/0,,720353,00.html|title=Israel and the Palestinians – a history – guardian.co.uk – guardian.co.uk|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> capturing territory along the Sea of Galilee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alnakba.org/chronology/sixth.htm|title= The Year of 1948}}</ref> Under the 1949 [[Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission|armistice agreement]] between Israel and Syria, Syria occupied the northeast shoreline of the Sea of Galilee. The agreement stated that the armistice line was "not to be interpreted as having any relation whatsoever to ultimate territorial arrangements." Syria remained in possession of the lake's northeast shoreline until the 1967 [[Six-Day War|Arab-Israeli war]].

In the 1950s, Israel formulated a plan to link the Kinneret with the rest of the country's water infrastructure via the [[National Water Carrier of Israel|National Water Carrier]], in order to supply the water demand of the growing country. The carrier was completed in 1964. The Israeli plan, which the [[Arab League]] opposed while endorsing its own [[Headwater Diversion Plan (Jordan River)|plan to divert the headwaters of the Jordan River]], sparked political and sometimes even armed [[War over Water (Jordan River)|confrontations over the Jordan basin]].