Editing Scorpion (section)

===Fossil record===

[[File:Palaeophonus nuncius NRM PAL Ar0032235.jpg|thumb|Fossil of ''[[Palaeophonus|Palaeophonus nuncius]]'', a [[Silurian]] scorpion from Sweden]]

Scorpion [[fossil]]s have been found in many [[strata]], including marine [[Silurian]] and estuarine [[Devonian]] deposits, coal deposits from the [[Carboniferous Period]] and in [[amber]]. Whether the early scorpions were marine or terrestrial has been debated, and while they had [[book lung]]s like modern terrestrial species,<ref name="Howard Edgecombe 2019"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scholtz |first1=Gerhard |last2=Kamenz |first2=Carsten |title=The Book Lungs of Scorpiones and Tetrapulmonata (Chelicerata, Arachnida): Evidence for Homology and a Single Terrestrialisation Event of a Common Arachnid Ancestor |year=2006 |journal=Zoology |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=2–13 |pmid=16386884 |doi=10.1016/j.zool.2005.06.003 |bibcode=2006Zool..109....2S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dunlop |first1=Jason A. |last2=Tetlie |first2=O. Erik |last3=Prendini |first3=Lorenzo |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x |title=Reinterpretation of the Silurian Scorpion ''Proscorpius osborni'' (Whitfield): Integrating Data from Palaeozoic and Recent Scorpions |year=2008 |journal=Palaeontology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=303–320|bibcode=2008Palgy..51..303D |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kühl |first1=G. |first2=A. |last2=Bergmann |first3=J. |last3=Dunlop |first4=R. J. |last4=Garwood |first5=J. |last5=Rust |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01152.x |title=Redescription and Palaeobiology of ''Palaeoscorpius devonicus'' Lehmann, 1944 from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany |year=2012 |journal=Palaeontology |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=775–787|bibcode=2012Palgy..55..775K |doi-access=free }}</ref> the most basal such as ''[[Eramoscorpius]]'' were originally considered as still aquatic,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Waddington |first1=Janet |last2=Rudkin |first2=David M. |last3=Dunlop |first3=Jason A. |title=A new mid-Silurian aquatic scorpion—one step closer to land? |journal=Biology Letters |date=January 2015 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=20140815 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2014.0815|pmid=25589484 |pmc=4321148 }}</ref> until it was found that ''Eramoscorpius'' had book lungs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haug |first1=C. |last2=Wagner |first2=P. |last3=Haug |first3=J.T. |date=2019-12-31 |title=The evolutionary history of body organisation in the lineage towards modern scorpions |journal=Bulletin of Geosciences |pages=389–408 |doi=10.3140/bull.geosci.1750 |issn=1802-8225 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Over 100 fossil species of scorpion have been described.<ref name=Siri>{{cite book |last1=Dunlop |first1=J. A. |last2=Penney |first2=D. |year=2012 |title=Fossil Arachnids |publisher=Siri Scientific Press |page=23 |isbn=978-0956779540}}</ref> The oldest found as of 2021 is ''[[Dolichophonus|Dolichophonus loudonensis]]'', which lived during the Silurian, in present-day Scotland.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Evan P.|last2=Schiffbauer|first2=James D.|last3=Jacquet|first3=Sarah M.|last4=Lamsdell|first4=James C.|last5=Kluessendorf|first5=Joanne|last6=Mikulic|first6=Donald G.|date=2021|title=Stranger than a scorpion: a reassessment of Parioscorpio venator, a problematic arthropod from the Llandoverian Waukesha Lagerstätte|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pala.12534|journal=Palaeontology|language=en|volume=64|issue=3|pages=429–474|doi=10.1111/pala.12534|bibcode=2021Palgy..64..429A |s2cid=234812878|issn=1475-4983|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420145034/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pala.12534|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Gondwanascorpio]]'' from the Devonian is among the earliest-known terrestrial animals on the [[Gondwana]] supercontinent.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gess |first=R. W. |year=2013 |title=The Earliest Record of Terrestrial Animals in Gondwana: a Scorpion from the Famennian (Late Devonian) Witpoort Formation of South Africa |journal=[[African Invertebrates]] |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=373–379 |url=http://africaninvertebrates.org/ojs/index.php/AI/article/view/284 |doi=10.5733/afin.054.0206 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013AfrIn..54..373G |access-date=28 August 2013 |archive-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906073206/http://africaninvertebrates.org/ojs/index.php/AI/article/view/284 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Some Palaeozoic scorpions possessed [[compound eye]]s similar to those of eurypterids.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=31780700 | year=2019 | last1=Schoenemann | first1=B. | last2=Poschmann | first2=M. | author3=Clarkson ENK | title=Insights into the 400 million-year-old eyes of giant sea scorpions (Eurypterida) suggest the structure of Palaeozoic compound eyes | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=9 | issue=1 | page=17797 | doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53590-8 | pmc=6882788 | bibcode=2019NatSR...917797S }}</ref> The [[Triassic]] fossils ''[[Protochactas]]'' and ''[[Protobuthus]]'' belong to the modern clades [[Chactoidea]] and [[Buthoidea]] respectively, indicating that the [[crown group]] of modern scorpions had emerged by this time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Magnani, Fabio |last2=Stockar, Rudolf |last3=Lourenço, Wilson R. |date=2022 |others=Lionel Delaunay |title=Une nouvelle famille, genre et espèce de scorpion fossile du Calcaire de Meride (Trias Moyen) du Mont San Giorgio (Suisse)A new family, genus and species of fossil scorpion from the Meride Limestone (Middle Triassic) of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland) |journal=Faunitaxys |volume=10 |issue=24 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03660445v1 |language=en |pages=1–7 |doi=10.57800/FAUNITAXYS-10(24)}}</ref>