Editing Science fiction (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of science fiction|Timeline of science fiction}}
[[File:Bacon 1628 New Atlantis title page wpreview.png|thumb|upright|''[[New Atlantis]]'' by [[Francis Bacon]] (1626)]]
Some scholars assert that science fiction had its beginnings in [[ancient times]], when the line between [[myth]] and [[fact]] was blurred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.gatech.edu/features/out-world|title=Out of This World|website=www.news.gatech.edu|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404030543/https://www.news.gatech.edu/features/out-world|url-status=live}}</ref> Written in the 2nd century&nbsp;CE by the [[satirist]] [[Lucian]], ''[[A True Story]]'' contains many themes and tropes characteristic of modern science fiction, including travel to other worlds, [[extraterrestrial life]]forms, interplanetary warfare, and [[Artificial life form|artificial life]]. Some consider it the first science fiction [[novel]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=S.C. Fredericks- Lucian's True History as SF|url=https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/fredericks8art.htm|access-date=29 December 2022|website=www.depauw.edu}}</ref> Some of the stories from ''[[One Thousand and One Nights|The Arabian Nights]]'',<ref name="The Arabian Nights: A Companion"/><ref name="Richardson" /> along with the 10th-century ''[[The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter]]''<ref name="Richardson"/> and [[Ibn al-Nafis]]'s 13th-century ''[[Theologus Autodidactus]]'',<ref name="Roubi"/> are also argued to contain elements of science fiction.

Several books written during the [[Scientific Revolution]] and later the [[Age of Enlightenment]] are considered true works of [[science-fantasy]]. [[Francis Bacon]]'s ''[[New Atlantis]]'' (1627),<ref name="The Harmony of the Worlds" /> [[Johannes Kepler]]'s ''[[Somnium (novel)|Somnium]]'' (1634), [[Athanasius Kircher]]'s ''Itinerarium extaticum'' (1656),<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jacqueline Glomski|title=Science Fiction in the Seventeenth Century: The Neo-Latin Somnium and its Relationship with the Vernacular|journal=Der Neulateinische Roman Als Medium Seiner Zeit|editor1=Stefan Walser|editor2=Isabella Tilg|publisher=BoD|year=2013|isbn=978-3-8233-6792-5|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdP6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|access-date=4 June 2020|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415223242/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdP6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cyrano de Bergerac]]'s ''[[Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon]]'' (1657) and ''[[The States and Empires of the Sun]]'' (1662), [[Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|Margaret Cavendish]]'s "[[The Blazing World]]" (1666),<ref>{{cite journal|last=White|first=William|title=Science, Factions, and the Persistent Specter of War: Margaret Cavendish's Blazing World|journal=Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology and Society|volume=2|issue=1|pages=40–51|date=September 2009|url=http://ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/index.php/intersect/article/view/53|access-date=7 March 2014|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227215240/http://ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/index.php/intersect/article/view/53|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Murphy|title=A Description of the Blazing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLDFLYFi8LYC|year=2011|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=978-1-77048-035-3|access-date=7 November 2015|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506051153/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLDFLYFi8LYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://skullsinthestars.com/2011/01/02/margaret-cavendishs-the-blazing-world-1666/ |title=Margaret Cavendish's The Blazing World (1666) |publisher=Skulls in the Stars |date=2 January 2011 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212132331/http://skullsinthestars.com/2011/01/02/margaret-cavendishs-the-blazing-world-1666/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Anne Reid|author-link=Robin Anne Reid|title=Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy: Overviews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKr0jWY8FLkC&pg=RA1-PA59|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-33591-4|page=59}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Jonathan Swift]]'s ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' (1726), [[Ludvig Holberg]]'s ''[[Niels Klim's Underground Travels|Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum]]'' (1741) and [[Voltaire]]'s ''[[Micromégas]]'' (1752).<ref>[[Lee Cullen Khanna|Khanna, Lee Cullen]]. "The Subject of Utopia: Margaret Cavendish and Her Blazing-World". ''Utopian and Science Fiction by Women: World of Difference''. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1994. 15–34.</ref> 

[[Isaac Asimov]] and [[Carl Sagan]] considered Johannes Kepler's ''[[Somnium (novel)|Somnium]]'' the first science fiction story; it depicts a journey to the [[Moon]] and how the [[Earth]]'s motion is seen from there.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAVeTFin0mU |title=Carl Sagan on Johannes Kepler's persecution |date=21 February 2008 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=24 July 2010 |archive-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129015805/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAVeTFin0mU&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Beginning and the End | first=Isaac| last=Asimov | publisher=Doubleday | location=New York | year=1977 | isbn=978-0-385-13088-2}}</ref> Kepler has been called the "father of science fiction".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/leading-figures/kepler-the-father-of-science-fiction/|title=Kepler, the Father of Science Fiction|date=16 November 2015|website=bbvaopenmind.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themarginalian.org/2019/12/26/katharina-kepler-witchcraft-dream/|title=How Kepler Invented Science Fiction and Defended His Mother in a Witchcraft Trial While Revolutionizing Our Understanding of the Universe|first=Maria|last=Popova|website=themarginalian.org|date=27 December 2019 }}</ref>

Following the 17th-century development of the [[novel]] as a [[Literary genre|literary form]], [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818) and ''[[The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)|The Last Man]]'' (1826) helped define the form of the science fiction novel. [[Brian Aldiss]] has argued that ''Frankenstein'' was the first work of science fiction.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.sfhomeworld.org/exhibits/homeworld/scifi_hof.asp?articleID=62 |title=Mary W. Shelley |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |first1=John |last1=Clute |first2=Peter |last2=Nicholls |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK |year=1993 |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=16 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116075255/http://www.sfhomeworld.org/exhibits/homeworld/scifi_hof.asp?articleID=62 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Billion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction (1973) Revised and expanded as [[Trillion Year Spree]] (with David Wingrove)(1986) |first=Aldriss|last=Wingrove|publisher=House of Stratus|location=New York|year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-7551-0068-2}}</ref> [[Edgar Allan Poe]] wrote several stories considered to be science fiction, including "[[The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall]]" (1835), which featured a trip to the [[Moon]].<ref>Tresch, John (2002). "Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction". In Hayes, Kevin J. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–132. {{ISBN|978-0-521-79326-1}}.</ref><ref name="poe moon" /> 

[[Jules Verne]] was noted for his attention to detail and scientific accuracy, especially in ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]'' (1870).<ref name="Roberts48">{{citation|last=Roberts |first= Adam |isbn =978-0-415-19205-7|title= Science Fiction|publisher=Routledge|location=London |year= 2000|page=48}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Maurice|last=Renard|url=http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/documents/renard.htm|title=On the Scientific-Marvelous Novel and Its Influence on the Understanding of Progress|journal=Science Fiction Studies|volume=21|issue=64|date=November 1994|pages=397–405 |doi=10.1525/sfs.21.3.0397 |access-date=25 January 2016|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033252/https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/documents/renard.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thomas196112">{{Cite magazine |last=Thomas |first=Theodore L. |date=December 1961 |title=The Watery Wonders of Captain Nemo |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v20n02_1961-12_modified#page/n42/mode/1up |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction |pages=168–177 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/2014/04/submarine-dreams |title=Submarine dreams: Jules Verne's ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas'' |work=New Statesman |author=Margaret Drabble |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=9 May 2014 |author-link=Margaret Drabble |archive-date=11 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511122753/http://www.newstatesman.com/2014/04/submarine-dreams |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1887, the novel ''[[El anacronópete]]'' by Spanish author [[Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau]] introduced the first [[time travel|time machine]].<ref>La obra narrativa de Enrique Gaspar: El Anacronópete (1887), María de los Ángeles Ayala, Universidad de Alicante. Del Romanticismo al Realismo : Actas del I Coloquio de la S. L. E. S. XIX, Barcelona, 24–26 October 1996 / edited by Luis F. Díaz Larios, Enrique Miralles.</ref><ref>El anacronópete, English translation (2014), www.storypilot.com, Michael Main, accessed 13 April 2016</ref>  An early French/Belgian science fiction writer was [[J.-H. Rosny aîné]] (1856–1940).  Rosny's masterpiece is ''Les Navigateurs de l'Infini'' (''The Navigators of Infinity'') (1925) in which the word astronaut, "astronautique", was used for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Suffolk|first1=Alex|date=28 February 2012|title=Professor explores the work of a science fiction pioneer|url=https://www.highlandernews.org/2016/professor-explores-the-work-of-a-science-fiction-pioneer/|access-date=25 January 2023|website=Highlander|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Arthur B. Evans (1988). [https://scholarship.depauw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=mlang_facpubs Science Fiction vs. Scientific Fiction in France: From Jules Verne to J.-H. Rosny Aîné (La science-fiction contre la fiction scientifique en France; De Jules Verne à J.-H. Rosny aìné)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228155211/https://scholarship.depauw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=mlang_facpubs |date=28 December 2022 }}. In: ''Science fiction studies'', vol. 15, no. 1, p. 1-11.</ref>

[[File:The War of the Worlds by Henrique Alvim Corrêa, original graphic 15.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alien invasion]] featured in ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' by [[H. G. Wells]] (1897), illustrated by [[Henrique Alvim Corrêa]] (1906)]]

Many critics consider H. G. Wells one of science fiction's most important authors,<ref name="Roberts48" /><ref>{{cite book | last= Siegel| first= Mark Richard| year=1988 | title=Hugo Gernsback, Father of Modern Science Fiction: With Essays on Frank Herbert and Bram Stoker | publisher=Borgo Pr | isbn=978-0-89370-174-1}}</ref> or even "the [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] of science fiction".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wagar|first1=W. Warren |title=H.G. Wells: Traversing Time|date=2004|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|page=7}}</ref> His works include ''[[The Time Machine]]'' (1895), ''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'' (1896), ''[[The Invisible Man]]'' (1897), and ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' (1898). His science fiction imagined [[alien invasion]], [[biological engineering]], [[invisibility]], and [[time travel]]. In his [[non-fiction]] [[futurologist]] works he predicted the advent of [[airplane]]s, [[military tank]]s, [[nuclear weapon]]s, [[satellite television]], [[Spaceflight|space travel]], and something resembling the [[World Wide Web]].<ref>{{cite news|title=HG Wells: A visionary who should be remembered for his social predictions, not just his scientific ones|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/hg-wells-a-visionary-who-should-be-remembered-for-his-social-predictions-not-just-his-scientific-a7320486.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=8 October 2017|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318183227/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/hg-wells-a-visionary-who-should-be-remembered-for-his-social-predictions-not-just-his-scientific-a7320486.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Edgar Rice Burroughs]]'s ''[[A Princess of Mars]]'', published in 1912, was the first of his three-[[decade]]-long [[planetary romance]] series of [[Barsoom|Barsoom novels]], which were set on [[Mars]] and featured [[John Carter of Mars|John Carter]] as the [[hero]].<ref>Porges, Irwin (1975). Edgar Rice Burroughs. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press. {{ISBN|0-8425-0079-0}}.</ref> These novels were predecessors to [[Young adult fiction|YA novels]], and drew inspiration from European science fiction and American [[Western fiction|Western novels]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Science fiction |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/science-fiction |access-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 1924, [[We (novel)|''We'']] by Russian writer [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]], one of the first [[dystopia]]n novels, was published.<ref>[[#Translations|Brown]], p. xi, citing Shane, gives 1921. Russell, p. 3, dates the first draft to 1919.</ref> It describes a world of harmony and conformity within a united [[totalitarianism|totalitarian state]]. It influenced the emergence of dystopia as a [[literary genre]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Orwell |first1=George |title=Review of ''WE'' by E. I. Zamyatin |journal=Tribune |date=4 January 1946 |location=London |url=https://www.orwell.ru/library/reviews/zamyatin/english/ |via=Orwell.ru}}</ref>

In 1926, [[Hugo Gernsback]] published the first [[United States|American]] [[science fiction magazine]], ''[[Amazing Stories]]''. In its first issue he wrote:

{{bquote|By 'scientifiction' I mean the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision... Not only do these amazing tales make tremendously interesting reading—they are always instructive.  They supply knowledge... in a very palatable form... New adventures pictured for us in the scientifiction of today are not at all impossible of realization tomorrow... Many great science stories destined to be of historical interest are still to be written... Posterity will point to them as having blazed a new trail, not only in literature and fiction, but progress as well.<ref>Originally published in the April 1926 issue of ''[[Amazing Stories]]''</ref><ref name="stableford">Quoted in [1993] in: {{cite encyclopedia|last=Stableford|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Stableford|author2=Clute, John |author3-link=Peter Nicholls (writer)|author3=Nicholls, Peter|year=1993|title=Definitions of SF|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|pages= 311–314|editor=Clute, John |editor2=Nicholls, Peter|publisher=[[Orbit Books|Orbit]]/[[Little, Brown and Company]]|location= London|isbn=978-1-85723-124-3|author2-link=John Clute}}</ref><ref>Edwards, Malcolm J.; Nicholls, Peter (1995). "SF Magazines". In John Clute and Peter Nicholls. ''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction ''(Updated ed.). New York: St Martin's Griffin. p. 1066. {{ISBN|0-312-09618-6}}.</ref>}}

In 1928, [[E. E. "Doc" Smith]]'s first published work, ''[[The Skylark of Space]]'', written in collaboration with [[Lee Hawkins Garby]], appeared in ''[[Amazing Stories]]''.  It is often called the first great [[space opera]].<ref name="Dozois">{{cite book|last1=Dozois|first1=Gardner|author-link=Gardner Dozois|last2=Strahan|first2=Jonathan|author-link2=Jonathan Strahan|title=The New Space Opera|date=2007|publisher=Eos|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-084675-6|edition=1st|page=[https://archive.org/details/newspaceopera2al00gard/page/2 2]|title-link=The New Space Opera}}</ref> The same year, [[Philip Francis Nowlan]]'s original [[Buck Rogers]] story, ''[[Armageddon 2419]]'', also appeared in ''Amazing Stories''. This was followed by a Buck Rogers [[comic strip]], the first serious [[Science fiction comics|science fiction comic]].<ref name="guide">{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Roberts, Garyn G. |year=2001 |title=Buck Rogers |editor=Browne, Ray B. |editor2=Browne, Pat |encyclopedia=The Guide To United States Popular Culture |location=Bowling Green, Ohio |publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press |page=120 |isbn=978-0-87972-821-2}}</ref>

''[[Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future]]'' is a "[[future history]]" science fiction novel written in 1930 by the British author [[Olaf Stapledon]]. A work of unprecedented scale in the genre, it describes the history of humanity from the present onwards across two billion years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/books/last-and-first-man-of-vision/161949.article|title=Last and first man of vision|publisher=Times Higher Education|date=23 January 1995|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref>

In 1937, [[John W. Campbell]] became [[editor]] of ''[[Astounding Science Fiction]]'', an event that is sometimes considered the beginning of the [[Golden Age of Science Fiction]], which was characterized by stories celebrating scientific achievement and [[progress]].<ref name="sf history nvcc" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Peter |last2=Ashley |first2=Mike |title=Golden Age of SF |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/golden_age_of_sf |access-date=17 November 2022 |date=23 June 2021 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction}}</ref> The "Golden Age" is often said to have ended in 1946, but sometimes the late 1940s and the 1950s are included.<ref>Nicholls, Peter (1981) ''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'', Granada, p. 258</ref>

In 1942, [[Isaac Asimov]] started his [[Foundation (book series)|Foundation series]], which chronicles the rise and fall of galactic empires and introduced [[psychohistory (fictional)|psychohistory]].<ref name="From Robots to Foundations" >{{cite book|last1=Codex|first1=Regius|title=From Robots to Foundations |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |date=2014|location=Wiesbaden/Ljubljana|isbn=978-1-4995-6982-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978|last= Asimov|first= Isaac|date= 1980|publisher= Doubleday|location= Garden City, New York|isbn= 978-0-385-15544-1|at= [https://archive.org/details/injoystillfelt00isaa/page/ chapter 24]|url= https://archive.org/details/injoystillfelt00isaa/page/}}</ref> The series was later awarded a one-time [[Hugo Award]] for "Best All-Time Series".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards/| title=1966 Hugo Awards| publisher=[[Hugo Award]]| website=thehugoawards.org| date=26 July 2007| access-date=28 July 2017| archive-date=7 May 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507072919/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards/| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1966.html| title=The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1966| access-date=28 July 2017| publisher=[[New England Science Fiction Association]]| archive-date=3 April 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403182439/http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1966.html| url-status=live}}</ref>  [[Theodore Sturgeon]]'s ''[[More Than Human]]'' (1953) explored possible future [[human evolution]].<ref>"Time and Space", ''Hartford Courant'', 7 February 1954, p.SM19</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reviews: November 1975|url=https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/birs/bir7.htm|access-date=29 December 2022|website=www.depauw.edu}}</ref><ref>Aldiss & Wingrove, ''[[Trillion Year Spree]]'', [[Victor Gollancz]], 1986, p.237</ref> In 1957, ''[[Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale]]'' by the [[Russians|Russian]] writer and [[paleontologist]] [[Ivan Yefremov]] presented a view of a future interstellar [[Communism|communist]] civilization and is considered one of the most important [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] science fiction novels.<ref name="sps">{{cite web |website=Serg's Home Page |url=http://www.astro.spbu.ru/staff/serg/interests/literature/efremov/list.html |title=Ivan Efremov's works |access-date=8 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030429172915/http://www.astro.spbu.ru/staff/serg/interests/literature/efremov/list.html |archive-date=29 April 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rusf.ru/abs/int0099.htm|title=OFF-LINE интервью с Борисом Стругацким|date=December 2006|publisher=Russian Science Fiction & Fantasy|access-date=29 February 2016|language=ru|trans-title=OFF-LINE interview with Boris Strugatsky|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032338/http://www.rusf.ru/abs/int0099.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>  

In 1959, [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s ''[[Starship Troopers]]'' marked a departure from his earlier juvenile stories and novels.<ref name="gale196010">{{Cite magazine |last=Gale |first=Floyd C. |date=October 1960 |title=Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v19n01_1960-10#page/n71/mode/1up |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction |pages=142–146}}</ref> It is one of the first and most influential examples of [[military science fiction]],<ref name="Mcmilllan">{{cite news|last1=McMillan|first1=Graeme|title=Why 'Starship Troopers' May Be Too Controversial to Adapt Faithfully|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/starship-troopers-may-be-controversial-adapt-faithfully-944083|access-date=8 May 2017|work=Hollywood Reporter|date=3 November 2016|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151832/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/starship-troopers-may-be-controversial-adapt-faithfully-944083|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Liptak">{{cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Andrew|title=Four things that we want to see in the Starship Troopers reboot|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/3/13511716/starship-troopers-reboot-things-we-want-to-see|access-date=9 May 2017|work=The Verge|date=3 November 2016|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213929/https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/3/13511716/starship-troopers-reboot-things-we-want-to-see|url-status=live}}</ref> and introduced the concept of [[powered armor]] [[exoskeleton]]s.<ref name="Intersections">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zao2IFNhvQkC|title=Intersections: Fantasy and Science Fiction Alternatives|date=1987|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-1374-7|location=Carbondale, Illinois|pages=210–220|last1=Slusser|first1=George E.|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322195108/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zao2IFNhvQkC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikołajewska|first1=Emilia|last2=Mikołajewski|first2=Dariusz|date=May 2013|title=Exoskeletons in Neurological Diseases – Current and Potential Future Applications|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229012056|journal=Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine|volume=20|issue=2|pages=228 Fig. 2|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403142703/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229012056_Exoskeletons_in_Neurological_Diseases-Current_and_Potential_Future_Applications|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20010630/bob8.asp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116201552/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20010630/bob8.asp| archive-date=16 January 2006| title=Dances with Robots| publisher=Science News Online| access-date=4 March 2006| first=Peter| last=Weiss}}</ref> The [[Germany|German]] [[space opera]] series ''[[Perry Rhodan]]'', written by various authors, started in 1961 with an account of the first [[Moon landing]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perrypedia.proc.org/wiki/Unternehmen_Stardust|title=Unternehmen Stardust – Perrypedia|website=www.perrypedia.proc.org|language=de|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330062254/https://www.perrypedia.proc.org/wiki/Unternehmen_Stardust|url-status=live}}</ref> and has since expanded in [[space]] to multiple [[universe]]s, and in [[time]] by billions of years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perrypedia.proc.org/wiki/Der_Unsterbliche|title=Der Unsterbliche – Perrypedia|website=www.perrypedia.proc.org|language=de|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330062247/https://www.perrypedia.proc.org/wiki/Der_Unsterbliche|url-status=live}}</ref> It has become the most popular science fiction [[book series]] of all time.<ref>Mike Ashley (14 May 2007). Gateways to Forever: The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1970–1980. Liverpool University Press. p. 218. {{ISBN|978-1-84631-003-4}}.</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, [[New Wave science fiction]] was known for its embrace of a high degree of experimentation, both in form and in content, and a [[highbrow]] and [[Self-consciousness|self-consciously]] "[[literary]]" or "[[artistic]]" [[sensibility]].<ref name="McGuirk">{{cite book|title=Fiction 2000|first=Carol|last=McGuirk|section=The 'New' Romancers|editor1-first=George Edgar|editor1-last=Slusser|editor2-first=T. A.|editor2-last=Shippey|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8203-1449-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109 109–125]|url=https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Generation Starship in Science Fiction|first=Simone|last=Caroti |publisher= McFarland|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7864-8576-5|page=156}}</ref> 

In 1961, ''[[Solaris (novel)|Solaris]]'' by [[Stanisław Lem]] was published in [[Poland]].<ref>Peter Swirski (ed), The Art and Science of Stanislaw Lem, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008, {{ISBN |0-7735-3047-9}}</ref> The novel dealt with the [[Theme (arts)|theme]] of [[human]] limitations as its characters attempted to study a seemingly [[Intelligence|intelligent]] [[ocean]] on a newly discovered [[planet]].<ref>Stanislaw Lem, ''[[Science Fiction and Futurology|Fantastyka i Futuriologia]]'', Wedawnictwo Literackie, 1989, vol. 2, p. 365</ref><ref>''Benét's Reader's Encyclopedia'', fourth edition (1996), p. 590.</ref> Lem's work anticipated the creation of [[Microrobotics|microrobots]] and [[micromachinery]], [[nanotechnology]], [[smartdust]], [[virtual reality]], and [[artificial intelligence]] (including [[swarm intelligence]]), as well as developing the ideas of "necroevolution" and the creation of artificial worlds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://solaris.lem.pl/o-lemie/artykuly/60-artykuly/232-artykul-fialkowski|title=Stanisław Lem czyli życie spełnione|first=Tomasz|last=Fiałkowski|publisher=Lem.pl|website=solaris.lem.pl|language=pl|access-date=2024-09-28|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429165334/http://solaris.lem.pl/o-lemie/artykuly/60-artykuly/232-artykul-fialkowski|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Oramus|first=Marek|author-link=Marek Oramus|date=2006|title=Bogowie Lema|location=Przeźmierowo|publisher=Wydawnictwo Kurpisz|isbn=9788389738929}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://solaris.lem.pl/ksiazki/beletrystyka/niezwyciezony/96-poslowie-niezwyciezony|title=Cały ten złom|first=Jerzy|last=Jarzębski|publisher=Lem.pl|website=solaris.lem.pl|language=pl|access-date=2024-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/1655752,1,fantomowe-wszechswiaty-lema-staja-sie-rzeczywistoscia.read|title=Fantomowe wszechświaty Lema stają się rzeczywistością|first=Olaf|last=Szewczyk|publisher=[[Polityka]]|website=polityka.pl|language=pl|access-date=2024-09-28|date=2016-03-29}}</ref> 

In 1965, ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'' by [[Frank Herbert]] featured a much more complex and detailed imagined future society than had previously in most science fiction.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Adam |title=Science Fiction |location= New York |publisher=Routledge |date=2000 |pages=85–90 |isbn=978-0-415-19204-0}}</ref> In 1967 [[Anne McCaffrey]] began her ''[[Dragonriders of Pern]]'' [[science fantasy]] series.<ref>[[#isfdb-dop|Dragonriders of Pern, ISFDB]].</ref> Two of the novellas included in the first novel, ''[[Dragonflight (novel)|Dragonflight]]'', made McCaffrey the first woman to win a [[Hugo Award|Hugo]] or [[Nebula Award]].<ref name="first">''Publishers Weekly'' review of Robin Roberts, ''Anne McCaffrey: A Life with Dragons'' (2007). [https://www.amazon.com/dp/157806998X Quoted by Amazon.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601043508/https://www.amazon.com/dp/157806998X |date=1 June 2021 }}. Retrieved 16 July 2011.</ref>  

In 1968, [[Philip K. Dick]]'s ''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]'' was published. It is the literary source of the ''[[Blade Runner (franchise)|Blade Runner]]'' [[movie franchise]].<ref name="Sammon">Sammon, Paul M. (1996). Future Noir: the Making of Blade Runner. London: Orion Media. p. 49. {{ISBN|0-06-105314-7}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-books-blade-runner-2049-philip-k-dick-20171019-story.html|title='Blade Runner 2049': How does Philip K. Dick's vision hold up?|last=Wolfe|first=Gary K.|website=chicagotribune.com|date=23 October 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330062247/https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-books-blade-runner-2049-philip-k-dick-20171019-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1969, ''[[The Left Hand of Darkness]]'' by [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] was set on a planet in which the inhabitants have no fixed [[gender]]. It is one of the most influential examples of [[social science fiction]], [[feminist science fiction]], and [[anthropological science fiction]].<ref>Stover, Leon E. "Anthropology and Science Fiction" ''Current Anthropology'', Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct. 1973)</ref><ref>Reid, Suzanne Elizabeth (1997). Presenting Ursula Le Guin. New York, New York, USA: Twayne. {{ISBN|978-0-8057-4609-9}}, pp=9, 120</ref><ref>Spivack, Charlotte (1984). Ursula K. Le Guin (1st ed.). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Twayne Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-8057-7393-4}}., pp=44–50</ref>

In 1979, ''[[Science Fiction World]]'' began publication in the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/40079.htm|title=Brave New World of Chinese Science Fiction|website=www.china.org.cn|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621155325/http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/40079.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It dominates the Chinese [[science fiction magazine]] [[Market economy|market]], at one time claiming a circulation of 300,000 copies per issue and an estimated 3–5 readers per copy (giving it a total estimated readership of at least 1&nbsp;million), making it the world's most popular science fiction [[Periodical literature|periodical]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.concatenation.org/articles/sf~china.html|title=Science Fiction, Globalization, and the People's Republic of China|website=www.concatenation.org|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427005238/http://www.concatenation.org/articles/sf~china.html|url-status=live}}</ref>  

In 1984, [[William Gibson]]'s first novel, ''[[Neuromancer]]'', helped popularize [[cyberpunk]] and the word "[[cyberspace]]", a term he originally [[Coined term|coined]] in his 1982 [[short story]] ''[[Burning Chrome]]''.<ref>Fitting, Peter (July 1991). "The Lessons of Cyberpunk". In Penley, C.; Ross, A. Technoculture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 295–315</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Schactman |first=Noah |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |title=26 Years After Gibson, Pentagon Defines 'Cyberspace' |url=http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/05/pentagon-define.html |date=23 May 2008 |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-date=14 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914151043/http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/05/pentagon-define.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="gibson cyber" /> In the same year, [[Octavia E. Butler|Octavia Butler]]'s short story "[[Speech Sounds]]" won the [[Hugo Award]] for Short Story. She went on to explore in her work of racial injustice, global warming, women's rights, and political conflict.<ref>Pfeiffer, John R. "Butler, Octavia Estelle (b. 1947)." in Richard Bleiler (ed.), ''Science Fiction Writers: Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day'', 2nd edn. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999. 147–158.</ref> In 1995, she became the first science-fiction author to receive a [[MacArthur Fellowship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Octavia Butler |url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-1995/octavia-butler |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.macfound.org |language=en}}</ref> In 1986, ''[[Shards of Honor]]'' by [[Lois McMaster Bujold]] began her [[Vorkosigan Saga]].<ref name="Tor Shards">{{cite web |url=http://www.tor.com/blogs/2009/03/weeping-for-her-enemies-lois-mcmaster-bujolds-shards-of-honor |title=Weeping for her enemies: Lois McMaster Bujold's ''Shards of Honor'' |first=Jo |last=Walton |author-link=Jo Walton |website=Tor.com |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=9 September 2014 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001835/http://www.tor.com/blogs/2009/03/weeping-for-her-enemies-lois-mcmaster-bujolds-shards-of-honor |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kelso">{{Cite web|title=Loud Achievements: Lois McMaster Bujold's Science Fiction|url=http://www.dendarii.com/reviews/kelso.html|access-date=29 December 2022|website=www.dendarii.com}}</ref> 1992's ''[[Snow Crash]]'' by [[Neal Stephenson]] [[Prediction|predicted]] immense social upheaval due to the [[information revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/review/neal-stephenson-anathem/ |quote=I'd had a similar reaction to yours when I'd first read The Origin of Consciousness and the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, and that, combined with the desire to use IT, were two elements from which Snow Crash grew. |title=Interviews – Neal Stephenson: Anathem – A Conversation with James Mustich, Editor-in-Chief of the Barnes & Noble Review |first=James |last=Mustich |date=13 October 2008 |access-date=6 August 2014 |publisher=[[Barnes & Noble|barnesandnoble.com]] |archive-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811203104/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/review/neal-stephenson-anathem/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007, [[Liu Cixin]]'s novel, ''[[The Three-Body Problem (novel)|The Three-Body Problem]]'', was published in China. It was translated into English by [[Ken Liu]] and published by [[Tor Books]] in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kenliu.name/translations/three-body/|title=Three Body|date=23 January 2015|website=Ken Liu, Writer|language=en-US|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330064637/https://kenliu.name/translations/three-body/|url-status=live}}</ref> and won the 2015 [[Hugo Award for Best Novel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2015-hugo-awards/|title=2015 Hugo Awards|first=Ed|last=Benson|date=31 March 2015|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-date=9 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509050008/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2015-hugo-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref> making Liu the first Asian writer to win the award.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 August 2015|title=Out of this world: Chinese sci-fi author Liu Cixin is Asia's first writer to win Hugo award for best novel|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/1851952/out-world-chinese-sci-fi-author-liu-cixin-asias-first-writer-win|access-date=29 December 2022|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>

Emerging themes in late 20th and early 21st century science fiction include [[List of environmental issues|environmental issues]], the implications of the [[Internet]] and the expanding information universe, questions about [[biotechnology]], [[nanotechnology]], and [[post-scarcity]] [[societies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/10-recent-science-fiction-books-that-are-about-big-idea-5929436|title=10 Recent Science Fiction Books That Are About Big Ideas|last=Anders|first=Charlie Jane|website=io9|date=27 July 2012 |language=en-US|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330064638/https://io9.gizmodo.com/10-recent-science-fiction-books-that-are-about-big-idea-5929436|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.studienet.dk/science-fiction/21st-century|title=Science fiction in the 21st century|website=www.studienet.dk|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330064635/https://www.studienet.dk/science-fiction/21st-century|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent trends and [[subgenres]] include [[steampunk]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Bebergal|first=Peter|date=26 August 2007|title=The age of steampunk:Nostalgia meets the future, joined carefully with brass screws|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/26/the_age_of_steampunk/?page=full|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071134/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/26/the_age_of_steampunk/?page=full|url-status=live}}</ref> [[biopunk]],<ref name="Pulver 1998">{{cite book| author = Pulver, David L. | title = GURPS Bio-Tech| publisher=[[Steve Jackson Games]] | year=1998 | isbn=978-1-55634-336-0| author-link= David L. Pulver| title-link = GURPS Bio-Tech}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0006/biopunk.php|title=Fleshing Out the Maelstrom: Biopunk and the Violence of Information|author=Paul Taylor|journal=M/C Journal|date=June 2000|volume=3|issue=3|publisher=Journal of Media and Culture|doi=10.5204/mcj.1853|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=17 June 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617065150/http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0006/biopunk.php|url-status=live|doi-access=free| issn = 1441-2616}}</ref> and [[mundane science fiction]].<ref>{{cite news | title=How sci-fi moves with the times | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/7948058.stm | date=18 March 2009 | newspaper=BBC News | access-date=28 February 2018 | archive-date=28 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228164140/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/7948058.stm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="dwalter">{{cite news |last=Walter |first=Damien |date=2 May 2008 |title=The really exciting science fiction is boring |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/may/02/thereallyexcitingsciencefi |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-date=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127143301/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/may/02/thereallyexcitingsciencefi |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Film===
{{Main|Science fiction film|Lists of science fiction films}}
[[File:Maria from the film Metropolis, on display at the Robot Hall of Fame.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The [[Maschinenmensch]] from ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'']]

The first, or at least one of the first, recorded science fiction [[film]] is 1902's ''[[A Trip to the Moon]]'', directed by [[French people|French]] [[filmmaker]] [[Georges Méliès]].<ref name=Dixon12>{{citation|last1=Dixon|first1=Wheeler Winston|last2=Foster|first2=Gwendolyn Audrey|title=A Short History of Film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP9w48VwwVUC&pg=PA12|year=2008|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-4475-5|page=12|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322195116/https://books.google.com/books?id=FP9w48VwwVUC&pg=PA12|url-status=live}}</ref> It was influential on later [[Filmmaking|filmmakers]], bringing a different kind of [[creativity]] and [[fantasy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviessilently.com/2015/03/29/a-trip-to-the-moon-1902-a-silent-film-review/|title=A Trip to the Moon (1902) A Silent Film Review|last=Kramer|first=Fritzi|date=29 March 2015|website=Movies Silently|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070347/http://moviessilently.com/2015/03/29/a-trip-to-the-moon-1902-a-silent-film-review/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-trip-to-the-moon-as-youve-never-seen-it-before-68360402/|title=A Trip to the Moon as You've Never Seen it Before|last=Eagan|first=Daniel|website=Smithsonian|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070344/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-trip-to-the-moon-as-youve-never-seen-it-before-68360402/|url-status=live}}</ref> Méliès's innovative [[editing]] and [[special effect]]s techniques were widely imitated and became important elements of the cinematic [[Media (communication)|medium]].<ref name=1001Movies>{{citation|last=Schneider|first=Steven Jay|title=1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die 2012|date=1 October 2012|publisher=Octopus Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-84403-733-9|page=20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP9w48VwwVUC&pg=PA13|title=A Short History of Film|last1=Dixon|first1=Wheeler Winston|last2=Foster|first2=Gwendolyn Audrey|date=1 March 2008|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-4475-5|language=en|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415235100/https://books.google.com/books?id=FP9w48VwwVUC&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}</ref>

1927's ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'', directed by [[Fritz Lang]], is the first [[feature-length]] science fiction film.<ref>[http://www.scififilmhistory.com/index.php?pageID=metro SciFi Film History – Metropolis (1927)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074916/http://www.scififilmhistory.com/index.php?pageID=metro |date=10 October 2017 }} – ''Though most agree that the first science fiction film was Georges Méliès' A Trip to the Moon (1902), Metropolis (1926) is the first feature length outing of the genre.'' (scififilmhistory.com, retrieved 15 May 2013)</ref> Though not well received in its time,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/25817|title=Metropolis|website=Turner Classic Movies|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316012144/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/25817%7C0/Metropolis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> it is now considered a great and influential film.<ref>{{cite web|title =The 100 Best Films of World Cinema|url = https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/ | publisher=empireonline.com |access-date =17 February 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151123004145/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/ |archive-date=23 November 2015|date = 11 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title =The Top 100 Silent Era Films|url = http://www.silentera.com/info/top100.html | publisher=silentera.com |access-date =17 February 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20000823024001/http://www.silentera.com/info/top100.html |archive-date=23 August 2000}}</ref><ref name="bfi">{{cite web| url= http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time| title= The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time| date= 1 August 2012| work= [[Sight & Sound]] September 2012 issue| publisher= [[British Film Institute]]| access-date= 19 December 2012| archive-date= 1 March 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170301135739/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time}}</ref> 

In 1954, ''[[Godzilla (1954 film)|Godzilla]]'', directed by [[Ishirō Honda]], began the [[kaiju]] [[subgenre]] of science fiction film, which feature large creatures of any form, usually attacking a [[major city]] or engaging other [[monster]]s in [[battle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E6%80%AA%E7%8D%A3|title=Introduction to Kaiju [in Japanese]|publisher=dic-pixiv|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218180925/http://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E6%80%AA%E7%8D%A3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007480367|title=A Study of Chinese monster culture – Mysterious animals that proliferates in present age media [in Japanese]|journal=北海学園大学学園論集|volume=141|pages=91–121|publisher=Hokkai-Gakuen University|date=September 2009|access-date=9 March 2017|last1=中根|first1=研一|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312035449/http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007480367|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
1968's ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', directed by [[Stanley Kubrick]] and based on the work of [[Arthur C. Clarke]], rose above the mostly [[B-movie]] offerings up to that time both in scope and quality, and influenced later science fiction films.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kazan |first=Casey |url=http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/07/ridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html |title=Ridley Scott: "After 2001 -A Space Odyssey, Science Fiction is Dead" |publisher=Dailygalaxy.com |date=10 July 2009 |access-date= 22 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321121445/http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/07/ridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html |archive-date= 21 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>In ''Focus on the Science Fiction Film'', edited by William Johnson. Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972.</ref><ref>{{cite web|first = George D.|last = DeMet|url = http://www.palantir.net/2001/meanings/essay09.html|title = 2001: A Space Odyssey Internet Resource Archive: The Search for Meaning in 2001|work = Palantir.net (originally an undergrad honors thesis)|access-date = 22 August 2010|archive-date = 26 April 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110426050647/http://www.palantir.net/2001/meanings/essay09.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/sciencenotfiction/2009/04/02/this-day-in-science-fiction-history-2001-a-space-odyssey/ |title=This Day in Science Fiction History&nbsp;– 2001: A Space Odyssey |website=Discover Magazine |date=2 April 2009 |first=Stephen |last=Cass |access-date=19 December 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328142257/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/sciencenotfiction/2009/04/02/this-day-in-science-fiction-history-2001-a-space-odyssey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 

That same year, ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' (the original), directed by [[Franklin J. Schaffner]] and based on the 1963 [[French people|French]] [[novel]] ''[[Planet of the Apes (novel)|La Planète des Singes]]'' by [[Pierre Boulle]], was released to popular and critical acclaim, its vivid depiction of a [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|post-apocalyptic world]] in which intelligent [[ape]]s dominate [[human]]s.<ref>Russo, Joe; Landsman, Larry; Gross, Edward (2001). Planet of the Apes Revisited: The Behind-The Scenes Story of the Classic Science Fiction Saga (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Griffin. {{ISBN|0-312-25239-0}}.</ref>

In 1977, [[George Lucas]] began the [[Star Wars|''Star Wars'' film series]] with the film now identified as "''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope]].''"<ref>{{Citation|title=Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope (1977) – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076759/faq|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409004826/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076759/faq|url-status=live}}</ref> The series, often called a [[space opera]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/04/24/the-best-space-operas-that-arent-star-wars|title=The Best Space Operas (That Aren't Star Wars)|last=Bibbiani|first=William|date=24 April 2018|website=IGN|language=en-US|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813213353/https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/04/24/the-best-space-operas-that-arent-star-wars|url-status=live}}</ref> went on to become a worldwide [[popular culture]] [[Cultural impact of Star Wars|phenomenon]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/series/StarWars.php | title = Star Wars – Box Office History | publisher = The Numbers | access-date = 17 June 2010 | archive-date = 22 August 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130822054739/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchise/Star-Wars | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lucasfilm.com/productions/episode-iv/|title=Star Wars Episode 4: A New Hope {{!}} Lucasfilm.com|website=Lucasfilm|language=en-US|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330072220/https://www.lucasfilm.com/productions/episode-iv/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[List of highest-grossing franchises and film series|third-highest-grossing film series]] of all time.<ref name="boxofficemojo.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/?view=Franchise&sort=sumgross&order=DESC&p=.htm|title=Movie Franchises and Brands Index|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=20 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720054339/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/?view=Franchise&sort=sumgross&order=DESC&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the 1980s, [[science fiction film]]s, along with [[fantasy]], [[horror film|horror]], and [[superhero]] films, have dominated [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood's]] big-budget productions.<ref>
Escape Velocity: American Science Fiction Film, 1950–1982, Bradley Schauer, Wesleyan University Press, 3 January 2017, page 7</ref><ref name="boxofficemojo.com" /> Science fiction films often "[[Cross-genre|cross-over]]" with other genres, including [[film noir]] (''[[Blade Runner]]'' - 1982), [[Children's film|family film]] (''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' - 1982), [[war film]] (''[[Enemy Mine (film)|Enemy Mine]]'' - 1985), [[comedy]] (''[[Spaceballs]] - 1987, ''[[Galaxy Quest]] - 1999), [[animation]] ''([[WALL-E]]'' – 2008, ''[[Big Hero 6 (film)|Big Hero 6]]'' – 2014), [[Western (genre)|Western]] (''[[Serenity (2005 film)|Serenity]]'' – 2005), [[Action film|action]] (''[[Edge of Tomorrow]]'' – 2014, ''[[The Matrix]]'' – 1999), [[Adventure film|adventure]] (''[[Jupiter Ascending]]'' – 2015, ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' – 2014), [[Mystery film|mystery]] (''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]'' – 2002), [[Thriller film|thriller]] (''[[Ex Machina (film)|Ex Machina]]'' – 2014), [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] (''[[Melancholia (2011 film)|Melancholia]]'' – 2011, ''[[Predestination (film)|Predestination]]'' – 2014), and [[Romance film|romance]] (''[[Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind]]'' – 2004, ''[[Her (2013 film)|Her]]'' – 2013).<ref name="JohnsonSFF">Science Fiction Film: A Critical Introduction, Keith M. Johnston, Berg, 9 May 2013, pages 24–25. Some of the examples are given by this book.</ref>

===Television===
{{Main|Science fiction on television|List of science fiction television programs}}
[[File:Al Hodge Don Hastings Captain Video.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Don Hastings (left) and Al Hodge in ''[[Captain Video and His Video Rangers]]''|left]]

Science fiction and [[television]] have consistently been in a close relationship. Television or television-like [[Technology|technologies]] frequently appeared in science fiction long before television itself became widely available in the late 1940s and early 1950s.<ref name = Telotte>
Science Fiction TV, J. P. Telotte, Routledge, 26 March 2014, pages 112, 179</ref>

The first known science fiction television program was a thirty-five-minute [[Film adaptation|adapted]] excerpt of the play ''[[R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)|RUR]]'', written by the [[Czech (people)|Czech]] [[playwright]] [[Karel Čapek]], [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] [[Live television|live]] from the BBC's [[Alexandra Palace]] studios on 11 February 1938.<ref name="r.u.r.">{{cite book |last=Telotte |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFQicvXd5bwC&q=RUR+BBC+first+television+science+fiction&pg=PA210 |title=The essential science fiction television reader |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8131-2492-6 |page=210 |author-link=Jay Telotte |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601043522/https://books.google.com/books?id=cFQicvXd5bwC&q=RUR+BBC+first+television+science+fiction&pg=PA210 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first popular science fiction program on [[Television in the United States|American television]] was the [[Children's television series|children's]] adventure [[Serial (radio and television)|serial]] ''[[Captain Video and His Video Rangers]]'', which ran from June 1949 to April 1955.<ref name="cpt video">{{cite web
|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/captainvideo/captainvideo.htm
|title=Captain Video and His Video Rangers
|publisher=The Museum of Broadcast Communications
|author=Suzanne Williams-Rautiolla
|date=2 April 2005
|access-date=17 January 2007
|archive-date=30 March 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330104139/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/captainvideo/captainvideo.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' (the original series), produced and narrated by [[Rod Serling]], who also wrote or co-wrote most of the episodes, ran from 1959 to 1964. It featured [[fantasy]], [[Suspense (genre)|suspense]], and [[Horror film|horror]] as well as science fiction, with each episode being a complete story.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-twilight-zone-tv-series-1959-1964-v133223|title=The Twilight Zone [TV Series] [1959–1964]|work=AllMovie|access-date=19 November 2012|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620180846/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-twilight-zone-tv-series-1959-1964-v133223|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stanyard|first1=Stewart T.|title=Dimensions Behind the Twilight Zone: A Backstage Tribute to Television's Groundbreaking Series|date=2007|publisher=ECW press|location=Toronto|isbn=978-1-55022-744-4|page=18|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref> [[Critic]]s have ranked it as one of the best [[TV programs]] of any [[genre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tv-guide-names-top-50-shows/|title=TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=26 April 2002|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-date=4 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904061715/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/04/26/entertainment/main507388.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=4925|title=101 Best Written TV Series List|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607080758/http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=5246}}</ref>

The [[Animation|animated]] series ''[[The Jetsons]]'', while intended as [[Comedy film|comedy]] and only running for one [[Season (television)|season]] (1962–1963), [[Prediction|predicted]] many inventions now in common use: [[Flat panel display|flat-screen]] [[television]]s, [[newspaper]]s on a [[computer]]-like [[computer monitor|screen]], [[computer virus]]es, [[Videotelephony|video chat]], [[tanning bed]]s, home [[treadmill]]s, and more.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=21st Century Brands |url=http://www.cbc.ca/undertheinfluence/season-3/2014/05/24/21st-century-brands-1/ |access-date=7 June 2014 |series=Under the Influence |series-link=Under the Influence (radio documentary series) |first=Terry |last=O'Reilly |network=CBC Radio One |date=24 May 2014 |season=3 |number=21 |time=time 2:07 |transcript=Transcript of the original source |transcript-url=http://www.cbc.ca/undertheinfluence/season-3/2014/05/24/21st-century-brands-1/ |quote=The series had lots of interesting devices that marveled us back in the 1960s. In episode one, we see wife Jane doing exercises in front of a flatscreen television. In another episode, we see George Jetson reading the newspaper on a screen. Can anyone say tablet? In another, Boss Spacely tells George to fix something called a "computer virus". Everyone on the show uses video chat, foreshadowing Skype and Face Time. There is a robot vacuum cleaner, foretelling the 2002 arrival of the iRobot Roomba vacuum. There was also a tanning bed used in an episode, a product that wasn't introduced to North America until 1979. And while flying space cars that have yet to land in our lives, the Jetsons show had moving sidewalks like we now have in airports, treadmills that didn't hit the consumer market until 1969, and they had a repairman who had a piece of technology called... Mac. |archive-date=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608190711/http://www.cbc.ca/undertheinfluence/season-3/2014/05/24/21st-century-brands-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 

In 1963, the time travel-themed ''[[Doctor Who]]'' premiered on BBC Television.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/unearthlychild/detail.shtml|website= BBC|title= Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – An Unearthly Child – Details|access-date= 30 March 2019|archive-date= 25 October 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161025112652/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/unearthlychild/detail.shtml|url-status= live}}</ref> The original series ran until 1989 and was revived in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jun/21/broadcasting.bbc|title=Doctor Who finally makes the Grade|last=Deans|first=Jason|date=21 June 2005|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075434/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jun/21/broadcasting.bbc|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been extremely [[Popular culture|popular]] worldwide and has greatly influenced later TV science fiction.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 September 2006 |title=The end of Olde Englande: A lament for Blighty |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7912946 |access-date=18 September 2006 |archive-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617180057/http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7912946 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ICONS. A Portrait of England |url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/doctor-who |access-date=10 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103085551/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/doctor-who |archive-date=3 November 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Moran">{{cite news|first=Caitlin|last=Moran|author-link=Caitlin Moran|title=Doctor Who is simply masterful|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article1989181.ece|work=The Times|location=London|date=30 June 2007|access-date=1 July 2007|quote=[''Doctor Who''] is as thrilling and as loved as ''Jolene'', or bread and cheese, or honeysuckle, or Friday. It's quintessential to being British.|archive-date=17 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617002012/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article1989181.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

Other programs in the 1960s included ''[[The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]'' (1963–1965),<ref>{{cite journal|year=1997|title=Special Collectors' Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time|journal=[[TV Guide]]|issue=28 June – 4 July}}</ref> ''[[Lost in Space]]'' (1965–1968), and ''[[The Prisoner]]'' (1967).<ref>British Science Fiction Television: A Hitchhiker's Guide, John R. Cook, Peter Wright, I.B.Tauris, 6 January 2006, page 9</ref><ref>Gowran, Clay. "Nielsen Ratings Are Dim on New Shows". Chicago Tribune. 11 October 1966: B10.</ref><ref>Gould, Jack. "How Does Your Favorite Rate? Maybe Higher Than You Think." ''New York Times''. 16 October 1966: 129.</ref>

''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' (the original series), created by [[Gene Roddenberry]], premiered in 1966 on [[NBC Television]] and ran for three seasons.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209|title=NBC: America's Network|last1=Hilmes|first1=Michele|last2=Henry|first2=Michael Lowell|date=1 August 2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25079-6|language=en|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704184438/https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209|url-status=live}}</ref> It combined elements of [[space opera]] and [[Space Western]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/22/arts/a-first-showing-for-star-trek-pilot.html|title=A First Showing for 'Star Trek' Pilot|date=22 July 1986|work=The New York Times|access-date=30 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=27 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327185925/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/22/arts/a-first-showing-for-star-trek-pilot.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Only mildly successful at first, the series gained [[popularity]] through [[Broadcast syndication|syndication]] and extraordinary [[Cultural influence of Star Trek#Fandom|fan interest]]. It became a very popular and influential [[Star Trek franchise|franchise]] with many [[List of Star Trek films|films]], [[List of Star Trek television series|television shows]], [[List of Star Trek novels|novels]], and other works and products.<ref name="STPitch1">Roddenberry, Gene (11 March 1964). [http://leethomson.myzen.co.uk/Star_Trek/1_Original_Series/Star_Trek_Pitch.pdf ''Star Trek'' Pitch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512162509/http://leethomson.myzen.co.uk/Star_Trek/1_Original_Series/Star_Trek_Pitch.pdf |date=12 May 2016 }}, first draft.  Accessed at ''LeeThomson.myzen.co.uk''.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startrek.com/custom/include/feature/intro/timeline_future.html |title=STARTREK.COM: Universe Timeline |publisher=Startrek.com |access-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703073608/http://www.startrek.com/custom/include/feature/intro/timeline_future.html |archive-date=3 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future |last1=Okada |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Okuda |first2=Denise|last2=Okadu|author-link2=Denise Okuda|date=1 November 1996 |publisher=Pocket Books |isbn=978-0-671-53610-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rx0eAAAAIBAJ&dq=star-trek%20syndication%20%7C%20rerun&pg=6303,2206524|title=The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|access-date=30 March 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' (1987–1994) led to six additional live action ''[[Star Trek]]'' shows: ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine|Deep Space Nine]]'' (1993–1999), ''[[Star Trek: Voyager|Voyager]]'' (1995–2001)'','' ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise|Enterprise]]'' (2001–2005), ''[[Star Trek: Discovery|Discovery]]'' (2017–2024), ''[[Star Trek: Picard|Picard]]'' (2020–2023), and ''[[Star Trek: Strange New Worlds|Strange New Worlds]]'' (2022–present), with more in some form of development.<ref>{{Citation|title=Star Trek: The Next Generation|date=26 September 1987|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092455/|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325034605/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092455/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/star-trek-picard-series-release-date-discovery-season-2-tng-next-generation-1245510|title='Star Trek' Picard series won't premiere until late 2019, after 'Discovery' Season 2|first=Andrew |last=Whalen|date=5 December 2018|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093825/https://www.newsweek.com/star-trek-picard-series-release-date-discovery-season-2-tng-next-generation-1245510|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.startrek.com/article/new-trek-animated-series-announced|title=New Trek Animated Series Announced|website=www.startrek.com|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330084323/https://www.startrek.com/article/new-trek-animated-series-announced|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/patrick-stewart-reprise-star-trek-role-new-cbs-all-access-series-1132262|title=Patrick Stewart to Reprise 'Star Trek' Role in New CBS All Access Series|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=4 August 2018|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804224352/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/patrick-stewart-reprise-star-trek-role-new-cbs-all-access-series-1132262|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[miniseries]] [[V (1983 miniseries)|''V'']] premiered in 1983 on NBC.<ref>Bedell, Sally (4 May 1983). "'V' SERIES AN NBC HIT". The New York Times. p. 27</ref>  It depicted an attempted takeover of Earth by [[reptilian aliens]].<ref name="EW 2005">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1073590_6,00.html|title=Mini Splendored Things|last=Susman|first=Gary|date=17 November 2005|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=EW.com|access-date=7 January 2010|archive-date=25 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225052201/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1073590_6,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>  ''[[Red Dwarf]]'', a [[comic science fiction]] series aired on [[BBC Two]] between 1988 and 1999, and on [[Dave (TV channel)|Dave]] since 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2002/10_october/reddwarf.shtml |title=Worldwide Press Office – Red Dwarf on DVD |publisher=BBC |access-date=28 November 2009 |archive-date=27 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227022348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2002/10_october/reddwarf.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>  ''[[The X-Files]]'', which featured [[UFO]]s and [[conspiracy theories]], was created by [[Chris Carter (screenwriter)|Chris Carter]] and broadcast by [[Fox Broadcasting Company]] from 1993 to 2002,<ref name="BehindTheXFiles">{{cite journal|title=Opening the X-Files: Behind the Scenes of TV's Hottest Show|first=David|last=Bischoff|date=December 1994|journal=[[Omni (magazine)|Omni]]|volume=17|issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Goodman, Tim | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/01/18/DD209382.DTL&type=printable | title='X-Files' Creator Ends Fox Series | newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date=18 January 2002 | access-date=27 July 2009 | archive-date=15 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615061412/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2002%2F01%2F18%2FDD209382.DTL&type=printable | url-status=live }}</ref> and again from 2016 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/gillian-anderson-confirms-the-x-files-exit/|title=Gillian Anderson Confirms She's Leaving The X-Files {{!}} TV Guide|date=10 January 2018|website=TVGuide.com|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430215457/https://www.tvguide.com/news/gillian-anderson-confirms-the-x-files-exit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/x-files-returns-fox-event-series-david-duchovny-gillian-anderson-chris-carter-1201397721/|title='The X-Files' Returns As Fox Event Series With Creator Chris Carter And Stars David Duchovny & Gillian Anderson|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|date=24 March 2015|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075436/https://deadline.com/2015/03/x-files-returns-fox-event-series-david-duchovny-gillian-anderson-chris-carter-1201397721/|url-status=live}}</ref> 

''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]'', a film about [[ancient astronauts]] and interstellar [[teleportation]], was released in 1994. ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' premiered in 1997 and ran for 10 seasons (1997–2007). Spin-off series included ''[[Stargate Infinity]]'' (2002–2003), ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]'' (2004–2009), and ''[[Stargate Universe]]'' (2009–2011).<ref>{{cite news |first=Darren |last=Sumner |url=http://www.gateworld.net/news/2011/05/smallville-bows-this-week-with-stargates-world-record/ |title=''Smallville'' bows this week&nbsp;– with ''Stargate''{{'}}s world record |publisher=[[GateWorld]] |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=23 February 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301025644/http://www.gateworld.net/news/2011/05/smallville-bows-this-week-with-stargates-world-record/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Other 1990s series included ''[[Quantum Leap (1989 TV series)|Quantum Leap]]'' (1989–1993) and ''[[Babylon 5]]'' (1994–1999).<ref>{{Cite web|title=CultT797.html|url=http://www.maestravida.com/weinwalk/CultT797.html|access-date=29 December 2022|website=www.maestravida.com|archive-date=28 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181155/http://www.maestravida.com/weinwalk/CultT797.html}}</ref> [[Syfy]], launched in 1992 as The Sci-Fi Channel,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/03/the-best-syfy-tv-shows-of-all-time.html|title=The 20 Best SyFy TV Shows of All Time|website=pastemagazine.com|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|date=9 March 2018|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330082034/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/03/the-best-syfy-tv-shows-of-all-time.html|url-status=live}}</ref> specializes in science fiction, [[supernatural horror]], and [[fantasy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.syfy.com/contributors|title=About Us|website=SYFY|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330095407/https://www.syfy.com/contributors|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.today.com/news/so-long-nerds-syfy-doesn-t-need-you-wbna36698985|title=So long, nerds! Syfy doesn't need you|website=TODAY.com|language=en|first=Ree|last=Hines|date=27 April 2010|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123001/https://www.today.com/news/so-long-nerds-syfy-doesn-t-need-you-wbna36698985|url-status=live}}</ref>

The space-Western series ''[[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]]'' premiered in 2002 on Fox. It is set in the year 2517, after the arrival of humans in a new star system, and follows the adventures of the renegade crew of ''[[Serenity (fictional spacecraft)|Serenity]]'', a "''Firefly''-class" spaceship.<ref name="torontosun">{{Cite web |url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Television/TV_Shows/F/Firefly/2002/07/22/734323.html |title=Firefly series ready for liftoff |last=Brioux |first=Bill |publisher=jam.canoe.ca |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715154524/http://jam.canoe.ca/Television/TV_Shows/F/Firefly/2002/07/22/734323.html |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=10 December 2006 }}</ref> ''[[Orphan Black]]'' began its five-season run in 2013, about a woman who assumes the identity of one of her several genetically identical human clones. In late 2015, Syfy premiered ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' to great critical acclaim, an American TV series about humanity's colonization of the Solar System. Its later seasons would then be aired through [[Amazon Prime Video]].