Editing Satellite radio (section)

===United States===
Sirius Satellite Radio was founded by [[Martine Rothblatt]], who served as the new company's Chairman of the Board.<ref name="mherper">{{cite news|author=Herper, Matthew |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0510/second-acts-pharmaceuticals-orphan-drugs-pah-deep-breaths.html|title=From Satellites to Pharmaceuticals|work=Forbes|date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> Co-founder [[David Margolese]] served as Chief Executive Officer with former NASA engineer [[Robert Briskman]] serving as President and Chief Operating Officer.<ref name="memorandum">{{citation|  url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sirius_XM_Founder_and_Corporate_Executive_Positions.jpg|title=Document showing Martine Rothblatt as founder of Sirius XM|date=June 23, 1992}}</ref><ref name="swarren">{{cite book|author=Warren, Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0jSxLqs-TwC&q=cd+radio+david+margolese&pg=PT181|title=Radio: The Book|publisher=Focal Press|date=2004|page=166|isbn=978-0-240-80696-9}}</ref> In June 1990, Rothblatt's shell company, Satellite CD Radio, Inc., petitioned the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) to assign new frequencies for satellites to broadcast digital sound to homes and cars.<ref name="eandrews"/> The company identified and argued in favor of the use of the [[S-band]] frequencies that the FCC subsequently decided to allocate to digital audio broadcasting. The [[National Association of Broadcasters]] contended that satellite radio would harm local radio stations.<ref name="lbelsie"/>

In April 1992, Rothblatt resigned as CEO of Satellite CD Radio;<ref name="mherper"/> Briskman, who designed the company's satellite technology, was then appointed chairman and CEO.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-12310541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031092005/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-12310541.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |title=Robert Briskman appointed chairman and CEO |work=Satellite News |date=June 1, 1992}}</ref><ref name="bmclean">{{cite news |first=Bethany |last=McLean |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2001/01/22/295563/index.htm |title=Satellite Killed The Radio Star| work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=January 22, 2001 |pages=94–100}}</ref> Six months later, [[Rogers Wireless]] co-founder Margolese, who had provided financial backing for the venture, acquired control of the company and succeeded Briskman. Margolese renamed the company CD Radio, and spent the next five years lobbying the FCC to allow satellite radio to be deployed, and the following five years raising $1.6 billion, which was used to build and launch three satellites into elliptical orbit from [[Kazakhstan]] in July 2000.<ref name="bmclean"/><ref>{{cite news |first=Nancy |last=Dillon |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/money/beaming-radio-high-tech-fast-lane-article-1.875098 |title=Beaming Radio Into High-Tech Fast Lane |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=June 5, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Christopher H. |last=Sterling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4XJQD4O_TkC&q=sirius+name+change+orbital&pg=PA750 |title=Encyclopedia of Radio, Volume 1 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2003 |page=750|isbn=9780203484289 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Romero |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/10/business/xm-satellite-radio-completes-its-financing.html |title=XM Satellite Radio Completes Its Financing |work=New York Times|date=July 10, 2000}}</ref> In 1997, after Margolese had obtained regulatory clearance and "effectively created the industry," the FCC also sold a license to the American Mobile Radio Corporation,<ref>{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Houpt |url=http://www.davidmargolese.com/pub/report-on-business-web.pdf |title=Radio Flyer |work=[[Report on Business]] |issue=September 2001 |pages=14–16 |access-date=2013-05-11 |archive-date=2016-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413184112/http://www.davidmargolese.com/pub/report-on-business-web.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref> which changed its name to [[XM Satellite Radio]] in October 1998.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F98E7271A1EFA29&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=AMRC changes name to XM Satellite Radio |author=XM Satellite Radio |location=New York |publisher=BBC Archive |date=November 16, 1998}}</ref> XM was founded by Lon Levin and Gary Parsons, who served as chairman until November 2009.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Vince |last=Beiser |url=https://www.wired.com/science/space/magazine/15-11/ff_spacehotel?currentPage=4 |title=Hotel Biz Zillionaire's Next Venture? Inflatable Space Pods |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=October 23, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kathy |last=Shwiff |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703683804574532221444468060 |title=Parsons Resigns as Chairman of Sirius XM Radio |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=November 12, 2009}}</ref>

CD Radio purchased their license for $83.3 million, and American Mobile Radio Corporation bought theirs for $89.9 million. Digital Satellite Broadcasting Corporation and [[Primosphere]] were unsuccessful in their bids for licenses.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/media/radio/comparison.html  |title=Revolutions in Radio |work=[[PBS]] Newshour |date=May 4, 2005}}</ref> Sky Highway Radio Corporation had also expressed interest in creating a satellite radio network, before being bought out by CD Radio in 1993 for $2 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/sirius-satellite-radio-inc-history/ |title=Sirius Satellite Radio, Inc. History |website=fundinguniverse.com |access-date=May 7, 2013}}</ref> In November 1999, Margolese changed the name of CD Radio to Sirius Satellite Radio.<ref name="swarren"/> In November 2001, Margolese stepped down as CEO, remaining as chairman until November 2003, with Sirius issuing a statement thanking him "for his great vision, leadership and dedication in creating both Sirius and the satellite radio industry."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/David+Margolese+Steps+Down+as+Sirius+CEO.-a079162975 |title=David Margolese Steps Down as Sirius CEO |website=[[PRNewswire]] |date=October 16, 2001 |access-date=May 11, 2013 |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708062431/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/David+Margolese+Steps+Down+as+Sirius+CEO.-a079162975 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

XM's first satellite was launched on March 18, 2001 and its second on May 8, 2001.<ref name="kbonsor">{{cite web |first=Kevin |last=Bonsor |url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/satellite-radio.htm |title=How Satellite Radio Works |website=[[HowStuffWorks]] |access-date=May 1, 2013|date=2001-09-26 }}</ref> Its first broadcast occurred on September 25, 2001, nearly four months before Sirius.<ref name="sparker">{{cite news |first=Steve |last=Parker |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-parker/xm-plus-sirius-satellite_b_114678.html |title=XM plus Sirius = Satellite Radio Monopoly |work=[[Huffington Post]] |date=July 24, 2008}}</ref> Sirius launched the initial phase of its service in four cities on February 14, 2002,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://radiomagonline.com/currents/business/radio_sirius_begins_satellite/ |title=Sirius Begins Satellite Service |work=[[Radio (magazine)|Radio]] |date=February 14, 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607222527/http://www.radiomagonline.com/currents/business/radio_sirius_begins_satellite |archive-date=June 7, 2017 }}</ref> expanding to the rest of the contiguous United States on July 1, 2002.<ref name="sparker"/> The two companies spent over $3 billion combined to develop satellite radio technology, build and launch the satellites, and for various other business expenses.<ref name="spacefoundation"/> Stating that it was the only way satellite radio could survive, Sirius and XM announced their merger on February 19, 2007, becoming Sirius XM.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kim |last=Hart |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/25/AR2008072503026.html?hpid=topnews |title=Satellite Radio Merger Approved |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=July 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Richard |last1=Siklos  |first2=Andrew Ross |last2=Sorkin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/business/media/20radio.html?pagewanted=all |title=Merger Would End Satellite Radio's Rivalry |work=New York Times |date=February 20, 2007}}</ref> The FCC approved the merger on July 25, 2008, concluding that it was not a monopoly, primarily due to Internet audio-streaming competition.<ref>{{cite news |first=Olga |last=Kharif |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-07-25/the-fcc-approves-the-xm-sirius-mergerbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115013316/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-07-25/the-fcc-approves-the-xm-sirius-mergerbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |title=The FCC Approves the XM-Sirius Merger |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=July 25, 2008}}</ref>