Editing Satanism (section)

===Etymology===
[[File:Alexandre Cabanel - Fallen Angel.jpg|thumb|[[The Fallen Angel (painting)|''The Fallen Angel'']] (1847) by [[Alexandre Cabanel]]]]
The term ''Satan'' has evolved from a [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] term for "adversary" or "to oppose", into the Christian figure of a fallen angel who tempts mortals into sin. The word ''Satan'' was not originally a proper name, but rather an ordinary noun that means "adversary". In this context, it appears at several points in the [[Old Testament]].{{sfnm|1a1=Medway|1y=2001|1p=51 |2a1=van Luijk|2y=2016|2p=19}} For instance, in the [[Book of Samuel]], [[David]] is presented as the satan ("adversary") of the [[Philistines]], while in the [[Book of Numbers]], the term appears as a verb, when Jehovah sent an angel to satan ("to oppose") [[Balaam]].{{sfn|Medway|2001|p=51}}

Prior to the composition of the [[New Testament]], the idea developed within Jewish communities that Satan was the name of an angel who had rebelled against Jehovah and had been cast out of Heaven along with his followers; this account would be incorporated into contemporary texts such as the [[Book of Enoch]].{{sfn|Medway|2001|p=52}} This Satan was then featured in parts of the New Testament, where he was presented as a figure who tempts humans to commit [[sin]]; in the [[Book of Matthew]] and the [[Book of Luke]], he attempted to tempt [[Jesus of Nazareth]] as the latter fasted in the wilderness.{{sfn|Medway|2001|p=53}}

While the early Christian idea of the Devil was not well developed, it gradually adapted and expanded through the creation of folklore, art, theological treatises, and morality tales, thus providing the character with a range of extra-Biblical associations.{{sfn|Dyrendal|Lewis|Petersen|2016|pp=21–22}}  Beginning in the early middle ages, the concept developed in Christianity of the devil as "archrepresentative of evil", and  of the Satanist "as malign mirror image of the good Christian".{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|at=Chapter 1. The Christian Invention of Satanism }}

The word ''Satanism'' was adopted into English from the French ''satanisme''.{{sfn|Medway|2001|p=9}} The terms ''Satanism'' and ''Satanist'' are first recorded as appearing in the English and French languages during the 16th century, when they were used by Christian groups to attack other, rival Christian groups.{{sfnm|1a1=Medway|1y=2001|1p=257 |2a1=van Luijk|2y=2016|2p=2}} In a [[Roman Catholic]] tract of 1565, the author condemns the "heresies, blasphemies, and sathanismes [sic]" of the [[Protestants]].{{sfn|Medway|2001|p=9}} In an [[Anglican]] work of 1559, [[Anabaptists]] and other Protestant sects are condemned as "swarmes of Satanistes [sic]".{{sfn|Medway|2001|p=9}} As used in this manner, the term ''Satanism'' was not used to claim that people literally worshipped Satan, but instead that they deviated from true Christianity, and thus were serving the will of Satan.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|p=2}} During the 19th century, the term ''Satanism'' began to be used to describe those considered to lead a broadly immoral lifestyle,{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|p=2}} and it was only in the late 19th century that it came to be applied in English to individuals who were believed to consciously and deliberately venerate Satan.{{sfn|van Luijk|2016|p=2}} This latter meaning had appeared earlier in the [[Swedish language]]; the [[Lutheran]] Bishop [[Laurentius Paulinus Gothus]] had described devil-worshipping sorcerers as ''Sathanister'' in his ''Ethica Christiana'', produced between 1615 and 1630.{{sfn|Introvigne|2016|p=44}}