Editing Salisbury (section)

===Old Sarum===
{{Main|Old Sarum|Old Sarum Cathedral|Old Sarum Castle}}
[[File:Old Sarum Model from West.jpg|thumb|right|A reconstruction of Old Sarum in the 12th century]]
[[File:Salisbury from old Sarum.jpg|thumb|Salisbury viewed from Old Sarum]]
The hilltop at [[Old Sarum]] lies near the [[Neolithic Europe|Neolithic]] sites of [[Stonehenge]] and [[Avebury]] and shows some signs of early settlement.<ref>English Heritage. ''Old Sarum'', {{nowrap|p. 22}}. (London), 2003.</ref> It commanded a [[salient (territory)|salient]] between the [[River Bourne, Wiltshire|River Bourne]] and the [[Hampshire]] [[River Avon, Hampshire|Avon]], near a crossroads of several early trade routes.<ref name="wilt193">{{Cite web|title=Salisbury: Thumbnail History|url=https://apps.wiltshire.gov.uk/communityhistory/Community/Index/193|access-date=14 February 2021|website=Wiltshire Community History|publisher=Wiltshire Council}}</ref> During the [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]], sometime between 600 and 300&nbsp;BC, a [[British hillforts|hillfort]] ([[oppidum]]) was constructed around it.<ref name=wilt193/> The [[Ancient Romans|Romans]] may have occupied the site or left it in the hands of an allied tribe. At the time of the [[Saxon invasions of Britain|Saxon invasions]], Old Sarum fell to [[list of kings of Wessex|King]] [[Cynric of Wessex]] in 552.<ref name="Leeds">{{cite journal |last=Leeds |first=E.T. |author-link=Edward Thurlow Leeds |url=https://www.oxoniensia.org/volumes/1954/leeds.pdf |title=The Growth of Wessex |journal=Oxoniensia |volume=LIX |pages=55–56 |year=1954}} {{open access}}</ref> Preferring settlements in bottomland, such as nearby [[Wilton, Wiltshire|Wilton]], the Saxons largely ignored Old Sarum until the [[Viking invasions of England|Viking invasions]] led {{nowrap|[[list of English kings|King]] [[Alfred the Great|Alfred]]}} (King of Wessex from 871 to 899) to restore its fortifications.<ref name=wilt193/> Along with Wilton, however, it was abandoned by its residents to be sacked and burned by the [[list of Danish kings|Dano]]-[[list of Norwegian kings|Norwegian king]] [[Sweyn Forkbeard]] in 1003.<ref>{{cite DNB |last= Hunt |first= William |wstitle= Sweyn (d.1014) |volume= 55 |page= 202}}</ref> It subsequently became the site of Wilton's [[royal mint|mint]].<ref name=wilt193/> Following the [[Norman Conquest of England|Norman invasion]] of 1066, a [[motte-and-bailey castle]] was constructed by 1070.<ref name=wilt193/> The castle was held directly by the Norman kings; its [[castellan]] was generally also the [[High Sheriff of Wiltshire|sheriff of Wiltshire]].

In 1075 the [[Council of London in 1075|Council of London]] established [[Herman (bishop of Salisbury)|Herman]] as the first [[bishop of Salisbury]],<ref name="bho">British History Online. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1066-1300/vol4/pp1-7 ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300'', Vol.&nbsp;IV, "Salisbury: Bishops"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502152329/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1066-1300/vol4/pp1-7 |date=2 May 2015 }}. Institute of Historical Research (London), 1991.</ref> uniting his former sees of [[Bishop of Sherborne|Sherborne]] and [[Bishop of Ramsbury|Ramsbury]] into a single diocese which covered the [[list of English counties|counties]] of [[Dorset]], Wiltshire, and [[Berkshire]]. In 1055, Herman had planned to move his seat to [[Malmesbury]], but [[Malmesbury Abbey|its monks]] and [[Earl Godwin]] objected.<ref>{{cite CE1913 |last= Dolan |first= John Gilbert |wstitle= Malmesbury |volume= 9}}</ref> Herman and his successor, [[Saint Osmund]], began the construction of the [[Old Sarum Cathedral|first Salisbury cathedral]], though neither lived to see its completion in 1092.<ref name="bho" /> Osmund served as [[Lord Chancellor]] of [[Norman England|England]] (in office {{circa}} 1070–1078); he was responsible for the codification of the [[Sarum Rite]],<ref>{{cite CE1913|last= Bergh |first= Frederick T. |wstitle= Sarum Rite|volume= 13}}</ref> the compilation of the [[Domesday Book]], which was probably presented to William at Old Sarum,<ref name=wilt193/> and, after centuries of advocacy from Salisbury's bishops, was finally canonised by [[list of popes|Pope]] {{nowrap|[[Callixtus III]]}} in 1457.<ref>Swanson, R.N. ''Religion and Devotion in Europe, {{circa|lk=no|1215}}–{{circa|lk=no|1515}}'', pp.&nbsp;148 & 315. Cambridge University Press ([[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]]), 1995. {{ISBN|0-521-37950-4}}.</ref> The [[Old Sarum Cathedral|cathedral]] was [[consecration|consecrated]] on 5 April 1092 but suffered extensive damage in a storm, traditionally said to have occurred only five days later.<ref>''The Ecclesiologist'', p.&nbsp;60.</ref><ref>[http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/old-sarum.htm "Old Sarum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015214317/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/old-sarum.htm |date=15 October 2012 }} at ''Sacred Destinations''. Accessed 10 September 2010.</ref> [[Roger of Salisbury|Bishop Roger]] was a close ally of {{nowrap|[[Henry I of England|Henry I]]}} (reigned 1100–1135): he served as viceroy during the king's absence in [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]]<ref name=rogereb/> and directed, along with his extended family, the royal administration and [[exchequer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=R.H.C. |title=King Stephen |publisher=Longman |year=1977 |isbn=0-582-48727-7 |location=London |page=31}}</ref> He refurbished and expanded Old Sarum's cathedral in the 1110s and began work on a royal palace during the 1130s, prior to his arrest by Henry's successor, [[Stephen of England|Stephen]].<ref name="rogereb">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Roger, bishop of Salisbury |volume= 23 |page= 454}}</ref> After this arrest, the castle at Old Sarum was allowed to fall into disrepair, but the sheriff and castellan continued to administer the area under the king's authority.<ref name="storytime">{{Cite book |last=Storer |first=James |title=History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Churches of Great Britain |publisher=Rivingtons |year=1819 |volume=4 |location=London |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UUQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT73 73]}}</ref>