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===Battle of Indian Rock: 1857=== By the time of the first tentative settlements by United States citizens, the site was claimed as hunting grounds by the [[High Plains (United States)|High Plains]] tribes of [[Cheyenne]], [[Arapaho]], and [[Sioux]], which had expanded into the area, driving out the Pawnee. However, the Kansa continued to hunt in the area, in which they were joined by the [[Lenape|Delaware]] and [[Potawatomi]] tribes which had been relocated by the U.S. Government near the Kansa's reserve and assured of hunting access to the plains. The High Plains tribes were hostilely opposed to both the U.S. settlers in central Kansas and to the relocated tribes in Eastern Kansas and Nebraska, who they also regarded as settlers, and there were several raids in the Salina area in the 1850s. These Indian skirmishes repeatedly discouraged settlement of the Salina site until 1857, according to [[William A. Phillips]] who resided in [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]] while scouting settlement locations.<ref name= HallowedGround /> In that year, Big Chief of the Cheyenne led a party of the High Plains tribes. At Spring Creek, 20 miles west of what became Salina, they made a surprise attack on a hunting party of the "friendly" Eastern tribes. The hunting party retreated to Dry Creek, trapped and sending for help from another [[Kaw people|Kaw]] hunting party from [[Council Grove, Kansas|Council Grove]]. Big Chief forced them to flee further to a butte in a bend of the [[Smoky Hill River]], where they were joined by the Kaw reinforcements with rifles. Firing rifles from the cover of large sandstone boulders atop the butte, the defenders killed Big Chief on the first of five offensive charge attempts. His attacking [[bow and arrow]] force was devastated, leaving bodies strewn, and effectively ending the local raids.<ref name= HallowedGround >{{cite news |newspaper= The Salina Journal | first=Carol | last=Lichti | title= On Hallowed Ground : Story of Indian Rock and Lakewood |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45498564/story-of-indian-rock-and-lakewood/ | via=[[Newspapers.com]] | url-access=registration | access-date= December 1, 2021 |location= Salina, Kansas |date= February 25, 1996 |page= 47 |quote= As news of the battle spread, the potential for settlement lured Phillips, who was in Lawrence, to return to the area where Salina would be founded. }}</ref><ref name=City/> The aftermath was recalled by settler Christina Campbell: "one of the fiercest and most cruel Indian battles known to white settlers; around were strewn thousands of arrows and implements of Indian warfare. Indian Rock, besmeared with blood, showed the part it played in repelling the repeated savages' attacks. It was here that the Cheyenne made their last attack."<ref name= HallowedGround />
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