Editing Sailing (section)

=== Commerce ===
[[File:Portrait of an American Clipper Ship.jpeg|thumb|A late-19th-century American [[clipper]] ship]]
[[File:La Marine-Pacini-140.png|thumb|A French squadron forming a [[line of battle]] circa 1840.]]
In the early 1800s, fast blockade-running schooners and brigantines—[[Baltimore Clipper]]s—evolved into three-masted, typically ship-rigged sailing vessels with fine lines that enhanced speed, but lessened capacity for high-value cargo, like tea from China.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Villiers|first=Alan|url=https://archive.org/details/menshipssea00vill_0|title=Men, ships, and the sea|date=1973|publisher=National Geographic Society|others=National Geographic Society (U.S.)|isbn=0870440187|edition=New|location=Washington |pages=|oclc=533537}}</ref> Masts were as high as {{Convert|100|ft|m|abbr=}} and were able to achieve speeds of {{Convert|19|kn|km/h|abbr=}}, allowing for passages of up to {{Convert|465|nmi|km|abbr=}} per 24 hours. Clippers yielded to bulkier, slower vessels, which became economically competitive in the mid 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Baker|first=Kevin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-KACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|title=America the Ingenious: How a Nation of Dreamers, Immigrants, and Tinkerers Changed the World|date=2016|publisher=Artisan Books|isbn=9781579657291|location=|pages=13–5|language=en}}</ref> Sail plans with just fore-and-aft sails ([[schooner]]s), or a mixture of the two ([[brigantine]]s, [[barque]]s and [[barquentine]]s) emerged.<ref name=":0" /> Coastal top-sail schooners with a crew as small as two managing the sail handling became an efficient way to carry bulk cargo, since only the fore-sails required tending while [[Tacking (sailing)|tacking]] and steam-driven machinery was often available for raising the sails and the anchor.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterton|first=Edward Keble|url=https://archive.org/details/sailingshipsand00chatgoog|title=Sailing Ships and Their Story :the Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|date=1915|publisher=Lippincott|isbn=|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sailingshipsand00chatgoog/page/n374 298]|language=en}}</ref>

[[Iron-hulled sailing ship]]s represented the final evolution of sailing ships at the end of the Age of Sail. They were built to carry bulk cargo for long distances in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schäuffelen|first=Otmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgMRudqoLGQC&pg=PA46|title=Chapman Great Sailing Ships of the World|date=2005|publisher=Hearst Books|isbn=9781588163844|language=en}}</ref> They were the largest of merchant sailing ships, with three to five masts and square sails, as well as other [[sail plan]]s. They carried bulk cargoes between continents. Iron-hulled sailing ships were mainly built from the 1870s to 1900, when [[steamship]]s began to outpace them economically because of their ability to keep a schedule regardless of the wind.  Steel hulls also replaced iron hulls at around the same time. Even into the twentieth century, sailing ships could hold their own on transoceanic voyages such as Australia to Europe, since they did not require [[Coal bunker|bunkerage]] for coal nor fresh water for steam, and they were faster than the early steamers, which usually could barely make {{Convert|8|kn|km/h|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Randier|first=Jean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOUjAQAAMAAJ|title=Men and Ships Around Cape Horn, 1616–1939|date=1968|publisher=Barker|isbn=9780213764760|location=|pages=338|language=en}}</ref> Ultimately, the steamships' independence from the wind and their ability to take shorter routes, passing through the [[Suez Canal|Suez]] and [[Panama Canal]]s, made sailing ships uneconomical.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast|year=1920|title=Safe Passage (Poem and photo of four masted ''John Ena'' in Canal)|url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev17192paci#page/n1007/mode/1up|journal=Pacific Marine Review|publisher=J.S. Hines|volume=17|issue=October 1920|pages=|doi=|access-date=24 December 2014|place=San Francisco}}</ref>