Editing Ruby (section)

==Occurrence and mining==
Historically, rubies have been mined in [[Thailand]], in the [[Pailin]] and [[Samlout District]] of [[Cambodia]], as well as in [[Afghanistan]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[India]], [[Namibia]], [[Japan]], and Scotland. After the [[Second World War]], ruby deposits were found in [[Madagascar]], [[Mozambique]], Nepal, Pakistan, [[Tajikistan]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gemsociety.org/article/ruby-sapphire-identifying-origin-understanding-value-rarity-gem-corundum/ |title=Ruby and Sapphire Origins |access-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230213525/http://www.gemsociety.org/article/ruby-sapphire-identifying-origin-understanding-value-rarity-gem-corundum/ |archive-date=30 December 2014  }}</ref>

The [[Republic of North Macedonia]] is the only country in mainland Europe to have naturally occurring rubies. They can mainly be found around the city of [[Prilep]]. Macedonian rubies have a unique raspberry color.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caucaso |first=Osservatorio Balcani e |title=A Macedonian Ruby |url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/North-Macedonia/A-Macedonian-Ruby-141923 |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=OBC Transeuropa |language=it |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321214140/https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/North-Macedonia/A-Macedonian-Ruby-141923 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A few rubies have been found in the U.S. states of [[Montana]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Wyoming]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giuliani |first1=Gaston |last2=Groat |first2=Lee A. |last3=Fallick |first3=Anthony E. |last4=Pignatelli |first4=Isabella |last5=Pardieu |first5=Vincent |date=July 2020 |title=Ruby Deposits: A Review and Geological Classification |journal=Minerals |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=597 |doi=10.3390/min10070597 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Mine...10..597G |issn=2075-163X}}</ref>

[[Spinel]], another red gemstone, is sometimes found along with rubies in the same gem gravel or marble. Red spinels may be mistaken for rubies by those lacking experience with gems. However, the finest red spinels, now heavily sought, can have values approaching all but the finest examples of ruby.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Wenk, Hans-Rudolf |author2=Bulakh, A. G. |title=Minerals: their constitution and origin|year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, U.K. |isbn=0-521-52958-1 |pages=539–541 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GAvKQJ2JuwC&pg=RA1-PA541}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Kathleen Beckett |title=Spinel: 'The Great Impostor' No More |work=The New York Times |date=10 February 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/10/fashion/jewelry-spinel-christies-sothebys-cartier.html |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229073415/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/10/fashion/jewelry-spinel-christies-sothebys-cartier.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Mogok]] Valley in [[Upper Myanmar]] (Burma) was for centuries the world's main source for rubies. That region has produced some exceptional rubies; however, in recent years few good rubies have been found. In central Myanmar, the area of Mong Hsu began producing rubies during the 1990s and rapidly became the world's main ruby mining area. The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of [[Kachin State|Kachin]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Burmese Ruby – The King of Natural Ruby Gem Stone |url=https://www.starlanka.com/journal/burma-ruby-the-king-of-natural-ruby-gem-stone/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325103720/https://www.starlanka.com/journal/burma-ruby-the-king-of-natural-ruby-gem-stone/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistani Kashmir]] there are vast proven reserves of millions of rubies, worth up to half a billion dollars.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rubies, the buried treasures of Pakistani Kashmir|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20171015-rubies-buried-treasures-pakistani-kashmir|publisher=[[France24]]|access-date=22 June 2019|archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622184601/https://www.france24.com/en/20171015-rubies-buried-treasures-pakistani-kashmir|url-status=live}}</ref> However, as of 2017 there was only one mine (at Chitta Katha) due to lack of investment.<ref>{{cite news|author=Caroline Nelly Perrot|title=Rubies, the buried treasures of Pakistani Kashmir|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-10-rubies-treasures-pakistani-kashmir.html|access-date=22 June 2019|archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622184602/https://phys.org/news/2017-10-rubies-treasures-pakistani-kashmir.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Afghanistan]], rubies are mined at Jegdalek.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The dangerous world of Pakistan's gem trade|url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/world/pakistans-blood-stones/|magazine=[[Maclean's]]|access-date=22 June 2019|archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622184601/https://www.macleans.ca/news/world/pakistans-blood-stones/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017 the Aappaluttoq mine in Greenland began running.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GIA – Greenland Ruby|url=https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2019-gemnews-greenland-ruby-update|website=www.gia.edu|access-date=25 March 2022|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519183925/https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2019-gemnews-greenland-ruby-update|url-status=live}}</ref>

The rubies in Greenland are said to be among the oldest in the world at approximately 3 billion years old. The Aappaluttoq mine in Greenland is located 160 kilometers south of Nuuk, the capital of Greenland. The rubies are traceable from mine to market.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vertriest |first=Wim |date=Spring 2019 |title=Greenland Ruby Update |url=https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2019-gemnews-greenland-ruby-update |journal=Gems & Gemology |volume=55 |issue=1}}</ref>

The Montepuez ruby mine in northeastern Mozambique is situated on one of the most significant ruby deposits in the world,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mozambique: A Ruby Discovery for the 21st Century {{!}} Gems & Gemology|url=http://www.gia.edu/sites/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1495237981372&childpagename=GIA/Page/GGArticleDetail&pagename=GIA/Wrapper&WRAPPERPAGE=GIA/Wrapper|access-date=10 December 2021|website=www.gia.edu|language=en|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209163204/https://www.gia.edu/sites/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1495237981372&childpagename=GIA/Page/GGArticleDetail&pagename=GIA/Wrapper&WRAPPERPAGE=GIA/Wrapper|url-status=live}}</ref> although, rubies were only discovered here for the first time in 2009. In less than a decade, Mozambique has become the world's most productive source for gem-quality ruby.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wim |first=Vertriest |date=Summer 2019 |title=RUBY FROM MOZAMBIQUE: A REVIEW |url=https://www.gia.edu/doc/GG-SU19-Vertriest.pdf |journal=Gems and Gemology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lankarani |first=Nazanin |date=2023-07-02 |title=When It Comes to Rubies, Is Mozambique the New Star? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/02/fashion/jewelry-rubies-mozambique.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>