Editing Royal Artillery (section)

===1800–1899===
[[File:RAUniform1825.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Royal Artillery Officers uniform, 1825]]
[[File:British 64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loaded (RML) Gun on Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda.jpg|thumb|64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loader (RML) [[Disappearing gun|gun on Moncrieff disappearing mount]], at [[Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda|Scaur Hill Fort]], [[Bermuda]]]]
The regiment was involved in all major campaigns of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]; in 1804, naval artillery was transferred to the [[History of the Royal Marines|Royal Marine Artillery]], while the [[Royal Irish Artillery]] lost its separate status in 1810 after the [[Acts of Union 1800|1800 Union]]. This period also saw development of the [[Congreve rocket]]; based on an existing Indian design, these were the first solid-fuel projectiles used by the British army and two rocket troops were established in 1814. Their use in the [[War of 1812]] is referenced in the line "rocket's red glare" which appears in [[the Star-Spangled Banner]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |last1=Stearn |first1=Roger |title=Congreve, Sir William, second baronet |date=2008 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6070 }}</ref>

[[File:Christ Church Mhow Plaque Royal Artillery Major General Wiliam Heape Kay.jpg|thumb|This brass plaque installed inside [[Christ Church, Mhow]] is in memory of Major General William Heape Kay of the Royal Artillery who began his Indian service at Mhow in 1896 and subsequently died in an accident there in 1929]]
The Militia, which had been a [[paper tiger]] since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, was re-organised under the [[Militia Act 1852]] in response to the threat of invasion by France, changing it from a conscripted force to one made up of volunteers who engaged for terms of service. The force continued to be a reserve tasked with home defence, embodied for annual training, and for the duration of wars or emergencies.<ref name="litchfield">''The Militia Artillery 1852-1909'', by Norman EH Litchfield. The Sherwood Press (Nottingham) Ltd. 1987</ref><ref>''Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteer Forces of The East Riding 1689 - 1908'', by RWS Norfolk, OBE, TD, DL. EY Local History Series : No. 19. East Yorkshire Local Historical Society, 1965</ref> The Militia had been principally an infantry force to this date,<ref name="litchfield"/> but [[Militia Artillery units of the United Kingdom and Colonies|Militia Artillery]] units were added from this point, and some existing Militia Infantry regiments were converted to coastal artillery.<ref name="litchfield"/> The role of the Militia Artillery was to man coastal defences and fortifications in wartime, relieving the Royal Artillery (RA) for active service.<ref>{{cite book|first=Colonel John K. |last=Dunlop|title=The Development of the British Army 1899–1914|location=London|publisher=Methuen|year=1938|pages=42–45}}</ref>

The Royal Artillery (and also of the Royal Engineers, Royal Sappers and Miners, the Commissariat Department, and various barracks, ordnance stores, and transport departments) was transferred to the [[British Army]] when the Board of Ordnance was abolished in 1855 (the administrative branches of the Board were absorbed by the [[War Office]])<ref>{{cite book|title = History of The Corps of Royal Engineers|volume = II|first = Whitworth|last = Porter|publisher = Longmans, Green, and Co.|location = London|date = 1889|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8mMFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1|access-date = 19 September 2022|archive-date = 20 September 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220920182653/https://books.google.com/books?id=8mMFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1|url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[MoD Shoeburyness|War Office School of Gunnery]] established in [[Shoeburyness]] in 1859.<ref name=garrison/> When the [[British East India Company]] was dissolved in 1862, its artillery function was absorbed by the Royal Artillery, giving it a total strength of 29 horse batteries, 73 field batteries and 88 heavy batteries.<ref name=garrison/> Military expenditure estimates for 1872 list the regimental strength as a total of 34,943 men and officers, including those in India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duncan |first1=Francis |title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Volume I |url=https://archive.org/details/historyroyalreg05duncgoog |date=1872 |publisher=John Murray |page=2 |edition=1879}}</ref>

Although the Militia and the Volunteer Force remained separate forces,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/civilian-soldiers|title=Civilian soldiers &#124; National Army Museum|website=www.nam.ac.uk|access-date=9 January 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228034722/https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/civilian-soldiers|url-status=live}}</ref> during the latter half of the Nineteenth Century they were re-organised through a succession of reforms, and increasingly integrated with the British Army.<ref>''Militia Lists and Musters 1757 1876: A Directory of holdings in the British Isles'', by Jeremy Gibson and Mervyn Medlycott. Fourth Edition. Federation of Family Historical Societies (Publications) Ltd, Bury, Lancashire. 2000. First published 1989. {{ISBN|1 86006 123 0}}</ref> In 1882, the Militia Artillery units lost their individual identities, becoming numbered brigades organised within Royal Artillery territorial divisions (two brigades of horse artillery, four brigades of field artillery and eleven territorial divisions of garrison artillery).<ref name="litchfield"/><ref name=stoneman>{{cite web|last=Stoneman|first=Robert James|year=2014|title=The Reformed British Militia, c.1852-1908. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis|publisher=University of Kent|page=59|url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48735/1/157Robert%20Stoneman%20Thesis.pdf|access-date=6 January 2021|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531104238/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48735/1/157Robert%20Stoneman%20Thesis.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A description of the 1 April 1882 reorganisation of the Royal Artillery and Artillery Militia, including changes of names of batteries, brigades and divisions, etc|publisher=Naval and Military Gazette and Weekly Chronicle of the United Service|date=12 April 1882|pages=286–288}}</ref> In 1889 the number of divisions was reduced to three, and the Militia Artillery brigades were renamed again, mostly regaining some variation of their original territorial names.<ref name="litchfield"/><ref name=stoneman/><ref>{{cite book|title=A description of the 1 July 1889 reorganisation and full list of the battery, brigade, division, etc name changes |publisher=The Army and Navy Gazette|date= 3 August 1889|page= 610}}</ref>

Post 1881, militia artillery officers wore for a brief time five button serge foreign service frocks with ball buttons and silver lace. Post 1890, officers transitioned to pocketed examples, again with ball buttons but the frocks varying from pure blue serge to other examples with scarlet facings.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=g55DAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA167   |title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery|volume= 1|first=Francis|last= Duncan|year=1872|publisher=J. Murray|page=167}}</ref>

Prior to 1882, each Militia Artillery unit in the United Kingdom wore a unique badge. Between 1882 and 1889, Militia Artillery brigades wore a divisional badge based on that of the Royal Artillery, except that the lower scroll and upper scroll, which on the Royal Artillery badge were inscribed "Quo Fas Et Gloria Ducunt" and "Ubique" (which indicated the regular Royal Artillery, like the Royal Engineers, served everywhere), were respectively inscribed with the name of the territorial division name (by example, North Irish Division) and left blank or covered in a spray of laurel (as the Militia and Volunteer Force were both home defence forces, the members of which could not be sent abroad on expedition without their consents).<ref name="litchfield"/> From 1889 to 1902, the lower scroll was inscribed with the name of the unit (by example, Antrim Artillery) and the upper scroll left blank or covered in a spray of laurel. Grenade badges, whether worn as a collar badge or elsewhere, lacked the scroll inscribed "Ubique" that was part of the regular Royal Artillery version.<ref name="litchfield"/> Militia Artillery units were made up of Militia officers and other ranks, with a Permanent Staff made up of seconded Royal Artillery officers and senior other ranks, including a single officer acting as both Commandant and Adjutant (where a suitably qualified Militia officer was unavailable to serve as Commandant), or only as Adjutant where the Commandant was a Militia officer.<ref name="litchfield"/>

Units from the Royal Engineers and Royal Artillery were in Australia, even after Federation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/history/how-research-family-history|title=Our history|publisher=Australian Army|access-date=6 September 2021|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802181809/https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/history/how-research-family-history|url-status=live}}</ref>