Editing Roses, Spain (section)

=== Fortification ===
[[File:Castell de la Trinitat 2.jpg|thumb|left|The Castell de la Trinitat]]
In the first decades of the 16th century, Roses suffered repeated attacks by [[privateer]]s from North Africa. To counter the threat, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] ordered the construction of extensive fortifications, the [[Ciutadella de Roses|Ciutadella]], in 1543. In spite of the precautions, a naval squadron led by the Turkish admiral [[Barbarossa Khair ad Din Pasha|Barbarossa]] attacked and plundered the town some months later. After substantial revisions, the fortifications were completed in 1553, under Charles's son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]. The entire medieval town was enclosed by a bastioned pentagonal wall (''illustration, below'').

The defensive system was supplemented by the [[Castell de la Trinitat]], some 2.5&nbsp;km to the east. The town received a permanent military garrison, which profoundly changed its character. To minimise friction between the citizenry and the soldiers, barracks were constructed, but did not prevent the gradual movement of part of the population to outside the walls, where the modern town of Roses now is.

In the following centuries, the fortifications were severely tested. In 1645, during the [[Reapers' War|Catalan Revolt]], French troops besieged Roses and captured it. The [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] (1659) restored the town to Spain.

In 1693, during the [[War of the Grand Alliance]] the French captured the town again. This time the French occupation lasted until the [[Treaty of Ryswick|Peace of Ryswick]] in 1697. In 1712, during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], [[Austria]]n troops tried to take the city, but were driven off. In 1719, during the [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]], the French again attacked, but failed to take Roses.

After a long period of relative calm, the [[Wars of the French Revolution]] ushered in a new round of hostilities. In 1793, the French revolutionary government declared war on Spain. At first, the Spanish armies won a foothold in France, but in 1794 the revolutionary armies invaded Catalonia. The [[Siege of Roses (1794-1795)|Siege of Roses]] lasted from 28 November 1794 until 3 February 1795, when the garrison was safely evacuated by a Spanish naval squadron, except for 300 soldiers. The town was surrendered to France, but the war between France and Spain ended at the [[Peace of Basle]] signed in July 1795. The city quickly returned to Spanish control.

In 1808, Emperor [[Napoleon I of France]] forced King [[Charles IV of Spain]] and his son [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand]] to abdicate and installed his brother, [[Joseph Bonaparte]] on the throne. When the Spanish people [[Dos de Mayo Uprising|revolted]] against this high-handed behavior, French armies again invaded the country in the [[Peninsular War]]. The fourth and last [[Siege of Roses (1808)|Siege of Roses]] occurred in 1808. During the operation, the Scottish Royal Navy captain, [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]] assisted the Spanish by putting his men into Castell de la Trinitat to help defend the town. The Scot stayed until the citadel and the town surrendered, before evacuating himself and his men. In 1814, when the defeated French withdrew from Spain, they blew up the town's fortifications along with the Castell de la Trinitat. At this time, the ancient town, called the ''Ciutadella'', was completely ruined. Meanwhile, to the east the modern town slowly continued to grow.