Editing Romanticism (section)

===Purpose===
Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and [[individualism]] as well as the [[glorification]] of the past and nature, preferring the medieval over the classical. Romanticism was partly a reaction to the [[Industrial Revolution]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083836 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013060413/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083836 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2005 |title=''Romanticism''. Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2010-08-24 }}</ref> and the prevailing ideology of the [[Age of Enlightenment]], especially the scientific rationalization of Nature.<ref name="Casey">{{cite web|last=Casey |first=Christopher |date=October 30, 2008 |title="Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism |website=Foundations. Volume III, Number 1 |url=http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8 |access-date=2014-05-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513053304/http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8 |archive-date=May 13, 2009 }}</ref> 

The movement's ideals were embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature; it also had a major impact on [[historiography]],<ref>David Levin, ''History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, and Parkman'' (1967)</ref> education,<ref>Gerald Lee Gutek, ''A history of the Western educational experience'' (1987) ch. 12 on [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi]]</ref> [[Romantic chess|chess]], [[social sciences]], and the [[natural sciences]].<ref>[[Ashton Nichols]], "Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 2005 149(3): 304–15</ref> 

Romanticism had a significant and complex effect on politics: Romantic thinking influenced [[conservatism]], [[liberalism]], [[Classical radicalism|radicalism]], and [[nationalism]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Morrow |first=John|editor-last=Stedman Jones |editor-first=Gareth |editor-link=Gareth Stedman Jones|editor2-last=Claeys |editor2-first=Gregory |editor2-link=Gregory Claeys |encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought |title=Romanticism and political thought in the early 19th century  |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EEBC9BBCC0907F899DC10DE7A4ED87A9/9780511973581c2_p39-76_CBO.pdf/romanticism_and_political_thought_in_the_early_nineteenth_century.pdf |access-date=10 September 2017  |year=2011 |publisher=[[Cambridge University]] |series=[[The Cambridge History of Political Thought]]  |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-511-97358-1|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521430562 |pages=39–76}}</ref><ref name="metafizika journal">{{cite journal |last1=Guliyeva|first1=Gunesh |date=2022-12-15 |title=Traces of Romanticism in the Creativity of Bahtiyar Vahabzade |url=http://metafizikajurnali.az/storage/images/site/files/Metafizika-20/Metafizika.Vol.5%2CNo.4%2CSerial.20%2Cpp.113-128.pdf |journal=[[Metafizika (journal)|Metafizika]] |language=az |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=77–87 |issn=2616-6879 |eissn=2617-751X |oclc=1117709579 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114160047/https://metafizikajurnali.az/storage/images/site/files/Metafizika-20/Metafizika.Vol.5,No.4,Serial.20,pp.113-128.pdf |archive-date=2022-11-14 |access-date=2022-10-14}}</ref>

Romanticism prioritized the artist's unique, individual imagination above the strictures of classical form. The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of [[aesthetic]] experience. It granted a new importance to experiences of [[sympathy]], [[awe]], [[Wonder (emotion)|wonder]], and [[Fear|terror]], in part by naturalizing such emotions as responses to the "beautiful" and the "sublime".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coleman|first=Jon T.|title=Nature Shock: Getting Lost in America|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0-300-22714-7|pages=214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Barnes|first=Barbara A.|title=Global Extremes: Spectacles of Wilderness Adventure, Endless Frontiers, and American Dreams|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|location=Santa Cruz|pages=51|language=en}}</ref>

Romantics stressed the nobility of [[folk art]] and ancient cultural practices, but also championed [[radical politics]], [[unconventional]] behavior, and authentic spontaneity. In contrast to the [[rationalism]] and [[classicism]] of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], Romanticism revived [[medievalism]]<ref>[[Núria Perpinyà|Perpinya]], Núria. [http://www.logos-verlag.de/cgi-bin/buch/isbn/3794 Ruins, Nostalgia and Ugliness. Five Romantic perceptions of Middle Ages and a spoon of Game of Thrones and Avant-garde oddity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313091643/http://logos-verlag.de/cgi-bin/buch/isbn/3794 |date=2016-03-13 }}. Berlin: Logos Verlag. 2014</ref> and juxtaposed a [[pastoral]] conception of a more "authentic" European past with a highly critical view of recent social changes, including [[urbanization]], brought about by the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Romanticism lionized the achievements of "heroic" individuals—especially artists, who began to be represented as cultural leaders (one Romantic luminary, [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], described poets as the "unacknowledged legislators of the world" in his "[[Defence of Poetry]]").