Editing Rock music (section)

===Rock and roll===
{{Main|Rock and roll}}
{{See also|Origins of rock and roll|Rockabilly}}
[[File:Chuck Berry circa 1958.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Chuck Berry]] in a 1958 publicity photo]]
The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s; the genre quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various [[African-American music|black musical]] genres of the time, including [[rhythm and blues]] and [[gospel music]], with [[country music|country and western]].<ref name="Bogdanov2002BrithofR&R">R. Unterberger, "Birth of Rock & Roll", in [[#CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002|Bogdanov et al., 2002]], pp.&nbsp;1303–04.</ref>

[[File:Elvis Presley promoting Jailhouse Rock.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white photograph of Elvis Presley standing between two sets of bars|[[Elvis Presley]] in a promotion shot for ''[[Jailhouse Rock (film)|Jailhouse Rock]]'' in 1957]]
Debate surrounds the many recordings which have been suggested as "the [[first rock and roll record]]". Contenders include "[[Strange Things Happening Every Day]]" by [[Sister Rosetta Tharpe]] (1944);<ref>{{cite book |title=Shout, Sister, Shout!: The Untold Story of Rock-and-Roll Trailblazer Sister Rosetta Tharpe |last=Wald |first=Gayle |date=2007 |publisher=Beacon Press |page=68 |isbn=9780807009895}}</ref> "[[That's All Right]]" by [[Arthur Crudup]] (1946),<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2021 |title=World's First Rock-and-Roll Song Identified - Seeker |url=https://www.seeker.com/worlds-first-rock-and-roll-song-identified-1765139192.html |access-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123211917/https://www.seeker.com/worlds-first-rock-and-roll-song-identified-1765139192.html |archive-date=23 January 2021 }}</ref> which was later [[Cover version|covered]] by [[Elvis Presley]] in 1954; "[[The House of Blue Lights (song)|The House of Blue Lights]]" by [[Ella Mae Morse]] and [[Freddie Slack]] (1946);<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Rock and Roll Song |url=https://www.liveabout.com/were-gonna-rock-were-gonna-roll-2521785 |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=LiveAbout |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027012654/https://www.liveabout.com/were-gonna-rock-were-gonna-roll-2521785 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wynonie Harris]]' "[[Good Rocking Tonight]]" (1948);<ref>Will the creator of modern music please stand up? Alexis Petridis The Guardian 16 April 2004</ref> [[Goree Carter]]'s "Rock Awhile" (1949);<ref name="palmer19">[[Robert Palmer (American writer)|Robert Palmer]], "Church of the Sonic Guitar", pp.&nbsp;13–38 in Anthony DeCurtis, ''Present Tense'', [[Duke University Press]], 1992, p. 19. {{ISBN|0-8223-1265-4}}</ref> [[Jimmy Preston]]'s "[[Rock the Joint]]" (1949), also covered by [[Bill Haley & His Comets]] in 1952;<ref>{{Citation |last=Bill Dahl |title=Jimmy Preston |work=AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p115739 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160520221527/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p115739 |archive-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 April 2012 }}</ref> and "[[Rocket 88]]" by [[Jackie Brenston]] and his Delta Cats (in fact, [[Ike Turner]] and his band the [[Kings of Rhythm]]), recorded by [[Sam Phillips]] for [[Chess Records]] in 1951.<ref name=Campbell2008>{{cite book|last=Campbell |first=Michael |title=Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On |year=2008 |edition=3rd |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston, MA |isbn=978-0-495-50530-3 |pages=157–58}}</ref>

In 1951, [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]] disc jockey [[Alan Freed]] began playing rhythm and blues music (then termed "[[race record|race music]]") for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase "rock and roll" to describe the music.<ref>T. E. Scheurer, ''American Popular Music: The Age of Rock'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1989), {{ISBN|0-87972-468-4}}, p. 170.</ref> Four years later, [[Bill Haley (musician)|Bill Haley]]'s "[[Rock Around the Clock]]" (1954) became the first rock and roll song to top ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine's main sales and airplay charts, and opened the door worldwide for this new wave of popular culture.{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 55, track 2}}<ref>P. Browne, ''The Guide to United States Popular Culture'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-87972-821-3}}, p. 358.</ref> Other artists with early rock and roll hits included [[Chuck Berry]], [[Bo Diddley]], [[Fats Domino]], [[Little Richard]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], and [[Gene Vincent]].<ref name="Campbell2008" /> Soon rock and roll was the major force in American record sales and [[crooner]]s, such as [[Eddie Fisher]], [[Perry Como]], and [[Patti Page]], who had dominated the previous decade of popular music, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed.<ref>R. S. Denisoff, W. L. Schurk, ''Tarnished Gold: the Record Industry Revisited'' (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 3rd edn., 1986), {{ISBN|0-88738-618-0}}, p. 13.</ref>

Rock and roll has been seen as leading to a number of distinct subgenres, including rockabilly, combining rock and roll with "hillbilly" country music, which was usually played and recorded in the mid-1950s by white singers such as [[Carl Perkins]], Jerry Lee Lewis, [[Roy Orbison]], [[Buddy Holly]] and with the greatest commercial success, [[Elvis Presley]].<ref name="AllmusicRbilly">{{Citation|title=Rockabilly |work=AllMusic |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d187|pure_url=yes}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wQb3jHWo?url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d187 |archive-date=11 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and Latino American]] movements in rock and roll, which would eventually lead to the success of [[Latin rock]] and [[Chicano rock]] within the US, began to rise in [[Southwestern United States|the Southwest]]; with rock and roll standard musician [[Ritchie Valens]] and even those within other heritage genres, such as [[Al Hurricane]] along with his brothers Tiny Morrie and Baby Gaby as they began combining rock and roll with country-[[Western music (North America)|western]] within traditional [[New Mexico music]].<ref name="Lucero">{{cite web | last=Lucero | first=Mario J. | title=The problem with how the music streaming industry handles data | website=Quartz | date=3 January 2020 | url=https://qz.com/1773480/the-problem-with-how-the-music-streaming-industry-handles-data/ | access-date=14 February 2020 | archive-date=31 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331013320/https://qz.com/1773480/the-problem-with-how-the-music-streaming-industry-handles-data | url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the 1950s saw the growth in popularity of the electric guitar, and the development of a specifically rock and roll style of playing through such exponents as Chuck Berry, [[Link Wray]], and [[Scotty Moore]].<ref>J. M. Curtis, ''Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954–1984'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1987), {{ISBN|0-87972-369-6}}, p. 73.</ref> The use of [[distortion (music)|distortion]], pioneered by [[Western swing]] guitarists such as [[Junior Barnard]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Lance |title=Get It Low: The Dirty Guitar of Junior Barnard |url=http://www.adioslounge.com/get-it-low-the-dirty-guitar-of-junior-barnard/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=The Adios Lounge |date=8 March 2011 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712222500/http://www.adioslounge.com/get-it-low-the-dirty-guitar-of-junior-barnard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Eldon Shamblin]] was popularized by Chuck Berry in the mid-1950s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collis |first=John |title=Chuck Berry: The Biography |publisher=Aurum |year=2002 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ |isbn=978-1-85410-873-9 |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208195621/https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The use of [[power chord]]s, pioneered by [[Francisco Tárrega]] and [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]] in the 19th century and later on by [[Willie Johnson (guitarist)|Willie Johnson]] and [[Pat Hare]] in the early 1950s, was popularized by Link Wray in the late 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hicks | first = Michael | title=Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions | publisher = University of Illinois Press | year = 2000 | page = 17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC&q=link+wray+pencil+rumble&pg=PA17 | isbn = 0-252-06915-3}}</ref>

Commentators have traditionally perceived a decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By 1959, the death of Buddy Holly, [[the Big Bopper]] and Ritchie Valens in a plane crash, the departure of Elvis for the army, the retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher, prosecutions of Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry and the breaking of the [[payola]] scandal (which implicated major figures, including Alan Freed, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs), gave a sense that the rock and roll era established at that point had come to an end.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|2008|p=99}}</ref>