Editing Rochester, Minnesota (section)

==Geography==
[[File:SkylineRochesterMNreflectected.JPG|thumb|left|Zumbro River in downtown Rochester]]

Rochester lies alongside the South Fork of the Zumbro River which is {{Convert|57.6|mi|km}} long<ref>{{cite web| title=Zumbro River State Water Trail|  url=https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/watertrails/zumbroriver/index.html| website=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources| access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref> and is ringed by gentle hills and largely surrounded by farmland within a [[deciduous forest]] [[biome]]. The Zumbro Watershed flows through {{Convert|1,422|mi2|km2}}<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://zumbrowatershed.org/watershed-resources/| title=Watershed Resources| website=Zumbro Watershed Partnership| language=en-US| access-date=January 9, 2019| archive-date=January 10, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013842/https://zumbrowatershed.org/watershed-resources/| url-status=usurped}}</ref> of agricultural and urban lands. Located in southeast Minnesota, the City of Rochester lies at the western edge of the [[Driftless Area]], a region that was never glaciated and contains deeply-carved river valleys. The rugged terrain is due both to the lack of glacial deposits, or drift, and to the incision of the upper Mississippi River and its tributaries into bedrock. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|54.75|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|54.59|sqmi|sqkm|2}} of it is land and {{convert|0.16|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=November 13, 2012}}</ref> The city is located {{convert|85|mi|km}} southeast of [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]].<ref name=Faruquep1>Faruque, p. 1.</ref>

Rochester is in [[Olmsted County, Minnesota|Olmsted County]], one of only four counties in Minnesota without a natural lake. [[Artificial lake]]s exist in the area, including [[Silver Lake (Rochester, Minnesota)|Silver Lake]], a dammed portion of the South Fork Zumbro River just below the convergence with Silver Creek near the city center. Silver Lake was once used as a [[cooling pond]] when the coal-burning [[power plant]] was operated by Rochester Public Utilities at the lake. When operational, the RPU coal plant's heated water output prevented the lake from generally freezing over during the winter months, attracting large numbers of [[Bird migration|migrating]] [[Giant Canada goose|giant Canada geese]]. Large murders of [[crow]]s are known to flock to Rochester during winter, including the Rochester cemetery downtown.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.npr.org/2019/12/05/784728412/this-minnesota-city-has-a-bird-poop-problem-but-the-crow-patrol-is-on-it| title=This Minnesota City Has A Bird Poop Problem, But The Crow Patrol Is On It| date=December 5, 2019| first=Catharine| last=Richert| work=[[Morning Edition]]| publisher=[[NPR]]| access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref>

Rochester has an extensive parks system, the largest of which are Silver Lake and Soldiers Field in the central part of the city.  A major flood in 1978 led the city to embark on an expensive and successful flood-control project that involved altering many nearby rivers and streams. The Zumbro River flowing through the center of the city is presently being readdressed for increased development and use as part of city planning in conjunction with funding from the Destination Medical Center project.

===Climate===
With a slightly higher altitude and without the same [[Urban heat island]] effect as the [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Twin Cities]], the climate is [[Humid continental climate|warm-summer humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb''), which is cooler than the Twin Cities, despite being further south, with warm summers and cold winters.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=44627&cityname=Rochester,+Minnesota,+United+States+of+America&units=metric| title=Rochester, Minnesota Köppen Climate Classification| website=Weatherbase| access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref> The city features four distinct seasons. Rochester sees on average {{convert|33.02|in|mm}} of rainfall and {{convert|51.9|in|cm}} of snowfall per year. Significant snow accumulation is common during the winter months. Spring and fall are transitional seasons, with a general warming trend during the spring and a general cooling trend during the fall. However, it is not uncommon to see some snowfall during the early month of spring and the later month of fall.<ref name="NOWDataARX" /> Rochester is the second windiest city in the [[United States]], with wind speeds averaging {{Convert|12.6|mph|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.weather.com/tv/shows/amhq/news/10-windiest-large-cities-america-20140408?_escaped_fragment_| title=America's Windiest Cities| last=Erdman| first=Jon| date=November 17, 2014| website=The Weather Channel| language=en| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206084205/http://www.weather.com/tv/shows/amhq/news/10-windiest-large-cities-america-20140408?_escaped_fragment_| archive-date=December 6, 2014| access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref> January to April are the windiest months on average, according to The Weather Channel. Rochester has been hit by two [[Fujita scale|F4]] tornadoes since 1950 (the first on May 10, 1953, and the other on September 16, 1962).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com| title=Tornado History Project: Maps and Statistics| website=www.tornadohistoryproject.com| access-date=February 12, 2022| archive-date=January 17, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117024312/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/| url-status=usurped}}</ref> The city has also been hit by two tornadoes in the past decade. On June 17, 2010, a tornado hit the city's northwest side, damaging or destroying several homes and businesses around the Lincolnshire neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.weather.gov/arx/jun1710 |title=Severe Thunderstorms of June 17, 2010| website=NOAA}}</ref> Another tornado struck the city on June 4, 2019, causing damage to parts of Southwest Rochester.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-weather/tornado-touched-down-in-rochester-national-weather-service-confirms |title=Tornado touched down in Rochester, damage survey confirms| journal=Bring Me the News| date=June 7, 2019| access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = [[Rochester International Airport]], Minnesota (1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1886–present)
|single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
|Jan record high F = 58
|Feb record high F = 63
|Mar record high F = 82
|Apr record high F = 92
|May record high F = 106
|Jun record high F = 105
|Jul record high F = 108
|Aug record high F = 100
|Sep record high F = 100
|Oct record high F = 93
|Nov record high F = 77
|Dec record high F = 64
|year record high F = 108
|Jan avg record high F = 40.9
|Feb avg record high F = 44.1
|Mar avg record high F = 62.3
|Apr avg record high F = 79.0
|May avg record high F = 87.3
|Jun avg record high F = 90.7
|Jul avg record high F = 89.7
|Aug avg record high F = 87.5
|Sep avg record high F = 86.1
|Oct avg record high F = 79.9
|Nov avg record high F = 62.8
|Dec avg record high F = 45.3
|year avg record high F = 93.0
|Jan high F = 22.5
|Feb high F = 26.7
|Mar high F = 39.9
|Apr high F = 55.3
|May high F = 68.0
|Jun high F = 77.6
|Jul high F = 80.3
|Aug high F = 78.0
|Sep high F = 71.8
|Oct high F = 57.9
|Nov high F = 41.7
|Dec high F = 28.0
|year high F = 54.0
|Jan mean F = 14.7
|Feb mean F = 18.7
|Mar mean F = 31.7
|Apr mean F = 45.2
|May mean F = 57.6
|Jun mean F = 67.5
|Jul mean F = 70.5
|Aug mean F = 68.2
|Sep mean F = 61.1
|Oct mean F = 47.9
|Nov mean F = 33.6
|Dec mean F = 20.8
|year mean F = 44.8
|Jan low F = 7.0
|Feb low F = 10.7
|Mar low F = 23.4
|Apr low F = 35.1
|May low F = 47.1
|Jun low F = 57.5
|Jul low F = 60.8
|Aug low F = 58.3
|Sep low F = 50.4
|Oct low F = 38.0
|Nov low F = 25.6
|Dec low F = 13.6
|year low F = 35.6
|Jan avg record low F = −16.6
|Feb avg record low F = −11.1
|Mar avg record low F = -0.7
|Apr avg record low F = 20.0
|May avg record low F = 33.3
|Jun avg record low F = 45.2
|Jul avg record low F = 50.5
|Aug avg record low F = 48.4
|Sep avg record low F = 35.4
|Oct avg record low F = 22.0
|Nov avg record low F = 7.0
|Dec avg record low F = −9.8
|year avg record low F = −19.6
|Jan record low F = −42
|Feb record low F = −35
|Mar record low F = −31
|Apr record low F = 5
|May record low F = 21
|Jun record low F = 31
|Jul record low F = 40
|Aug record low F = 32
|Sep record low F = 22
|Oct record low F = −6
|Nov record low F = −24
|Dec record low F = −33
|year record low F = -42
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.99
|Feb precipitation inch = 1.02
|Mar precipitation inch = 2.02
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.52
|May precipitation inch = 4.35
|Jun precipitation inch = 5.35
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.19
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.12
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.60
|Oct precipitation inch = 2.43 
|Nov precipitation inch = 1.80
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.28
|year precipitation inch = 34.67
|Jan snow inch = 12.2
|Feb snow inch = 10.7
|Mar snow inch = 8.6
|Apr snow inch = 3.3
|May snow inch = 0.5
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.9
|Nov snow inch = 4.5
|Dec snow inch = 12.4
|year snow inch = 53.1
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 9.4
|Feb precipitation days = 8.0
|Mar precipitation days = 10.2
|Apr precipitation days = 12.2
|May precipitation days = 13.3
|Jun precipitation days = 12.5
|Jul precipitation days = 10.5
|Aug precipitation days = 10.0
|Sep precipitation days = 9.3
|Oct precipitation days = 9.5
|Nov precipitation days = 9.2
|Dec precipitation days = 9.6
|year precipitation days = 123.7
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 8.8
|Feb snow days = 7.3
|Mar snow days = 5.6
|Apr snow days = 2.6
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.8
|Nov snow days = 4.5
|Dec snow days = 8.7
|year snow days = 38.4
|Jan humidity = 76.6
|Feb humidity = 76.1
|Mar humidity = 74.8
|Apr humidity = 68.3
|May humidity = 66.8
|Jun humidity = 68.9
|Jul humidity = 72.2
|Aug humidity = 74.6
|Sep humidity = 75.2
|Oct humidity = 71.5
|Nov humidity = 77.4
|Dec humidity = 80.0
|year humidity=
|Jan dew point C = −14.5
|Feb dew point C = −11.7
|Mar dew point C = −5.3
|Apr dew point C = 0.8
|May dew point C = 7.0
|Jun dew point C = 12.7
|Jul dew point C = 15.8
|Aug dew point C = 14.7
|Sep dew point C = 10.1
|Oct dew point C = 3.3
|Nov dew point C = −3.4
|Dec dew point C = −10.8
|source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity and dew point 1961–1990)<ref name= "NOWDataARX">
{{cite web
| url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=arx
| title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = June 24, 2021}}</ref><ref name = "NOAA txt">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014925&format=pdf
| title = Station: Rochester INTL AP, MN
| work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = June 24, 2021}}</ref><ref name = WMO>
{{cite web 
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72644.TXT 
| title = Rochester/Municipal, MN Climate Normals 1961–1990 
| access-date = September 4, 2020 
| website=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>
}}
;Notes: 
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