Editing Robert Noyce (section)

== Career ==
[[File:Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore at SC1 1970.png|300px|thumbnail|Robert Noyce and [[Gordon Moore]] in front of the Intel SC1 building in Santa Clara in 1970]]
After graduating from MIT in 1953, Noyce took a job as a research engineer at the [[Philco]] Corporation in [[Philadelphia]]. He left in 1956 to join [[William Shockley]], a co-inventor of the transistor and eventual [[Nobel Prize]] winner, at the [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]]<ref name="Shurkin,170">Shurkin, p. 170</ref> in [[Mountain View, California]].

Noyce left a year later with the "[[traitorous eight]]"<ref name="Shurkin,181">Shurkin, p. 181</ref> upon having issues with Shockley's management style, and co-founded the influential [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] corporation. According to [[Sherman Fairchild]], Noyce's impassioned presentation of his vision was the reason Fairchild had agreed to create the semiconductor division for the traitorous eight.

Noyce was vital to the [[invention of the integrated circuit]]. After [[Jack Kilby]] invented the first [[hybrid integrated circuit]] (hybrid IC) in 1958,<ref name="Saxena140">{{cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=Arjun N. |title=Invention of Integrated Circuits: Untold Important Facts |date=2009 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=9789812814456 |page=140}}</ref> Noyce in 1959 independently invented a new type of integrated circuit, the [[monolithic integrated circuit]] (monolithic IC).<ref name="computerhistory1959">{{cite web |title=1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/practical-monolithic-integrated-circuit-concept-patented/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="nasa">{{cite web |title=Integrated circuits |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/ic-pg3.html |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721173218/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/ic-pg3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was more practical than Kilby's [[implementation]]. Noyce's design was made of [[silicon]], whereas Kilby's chip was made of [[germanium]]. Noyce's invention was the first [[monolithic integrated circuit]] chip.<ref>{{cite web |title=1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/practical-monolithic-integrated-circuit-concept-patented/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> Unlike Kilby's IC which had external wire connections and could not be mass-produced, Noyce's monolithic IC chip put all components on a chip of silicon and connected them with copper lines.<ref name="nasa"/> The basis for Noyce's monolithic IC was the [[planar process]], developed in early 1959 by [[Jean Hoerni]]. In turn, the basis for Hoerni's planar process were the silicon [[surface passivation]] and [[thermal oxidation]] methods developed by [[Mohamed Atalla]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=9780801886393 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA46}}</ref><ref name="Bassett46">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=9780801886393 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA46}}</ref>

Noyce and [[Gordon Moore]] founded [[Intel]] in 1968 when they left Fairchild Semiconductor.<ref name="Berlin,1"/><ref name="Shurkin,184">Shurkin, p. 184</ref> [[Arthur Rock]], the chairman of Intel's board and a major investor in the company, said that for Intel to succeed, the company needed Noyce, Moore and [[Andrew Grove]]. And it needed them in that order. Noyce: the visionary, born to inspire; Moore: the virtuoso of technology; and Grove: the technologist turned management scientist.<ref name="Tedlow,405">Tedlow, p. 405</ref> Noyce served as the first CEO, until 1975,<ref>https://www.nae.edu/188726/ROBERT-N-NOYCE-19271990</ref> when he was succeeded by Moore. The relaxed culture that Noyce brought to Intel was a carry-over from his style at Fairchild Semiconductor. He treated employees as family, rewarding and encouraging teamwork. Noyce's management style could be called "roll up your sleeves". He shunned fancy corporate cars, reserved parking spaces, private jets, offices, and furnishings in favor of a less-structured, relaxed working environment in which everyone contributed and no one received lavish benefits. By declining the usual executive perks he stood as a model for future generations of Intel CEOs.

At Intel, he oversaw invention of the [[microprocessor]] as a concept by [[Ted Hoff]] and design of the first commercial microprocessor [[Intel 4004]] by [[Federico Faggin]], which was his second revolution.<ref>{{cite web |author=Creation of Microprocessor |date=February 19, 2014 |title=Interview with Gordon Moore on First Microprocessor |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt1PCLZAPyk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508022330/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt1PCLZAPyk |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |website=YouTube |access-date=January 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>One-time Intel CEO Andy Grove on the other hand, believed in maximizing the productivity of his employees, and he and the company became known for his guiding motto: "Only the paranoid survive". He was notorious for his directness in finding fault and would question his colleagues so intensely as occasionally to border on intimidation.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Garten |first=Jeffrey E. |date=April 11, 2005 |title=Andy Grove Made The Elephant Dance |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2005-04-10/andy-grove-made-the-elephant-dance |website=Bloomberg |access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref><!-- <ref>Grove considered Noyce to be a "nice guy" but ineffectual. Noyce was, in Grove's estimation, essentially anti-competitive. This difference in styles reputedly caused some degree of friction between Noyce and Grove.</ref> -->