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=== Creation and Antebellum period === Richmond County was formed in 1779 from a portion of Anson in order to reduce the amount of travel needed by residents to reach a county courthouse.{{sfn|Sykes|2010|p=8}} It was named for [[Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond and Lennox]] who was an Englishman and a member of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] who sided with the colonists in America during the [[American Revolution]].<ref name= mcknightprofile>{{cite news| last = McKnight| first = Bonnie| title = 100 County Countdown: Richmond County| newspaper = The Herald-Sun| page = A10| date = March 22, 2005| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114985944/richmond-county-profile/}}</ref> The county seat was established at Richmond Court House, which was renamed [[Rockingham, North Carolina|Rockingham]] in 1785 in homage to [[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham]], a British politician who had friendly relations with the Americans.<ref name= Mazzocchi>{{cite web| url = https://www.ncpedia.org/geography/richmond| title = Richmond County| last = Mazzocchi| first = Jay| date = 2006| website = NCPedia| publisher = North Carolina Government & Heritage Library| access-date = December 22, 2022}}</ref> During the [[American Revolutionary War]], Richmond was afflicted by numerous [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] raids. By 1790, the county had 5,885 residents, with 583 of them being slaves.{{sfn|Sharpe|1953|p=5}} Following the war, area farmers moved away from cattle switched to growing corn, oats, indigo, and cotton.{{sfn|Sharpe|1953|p=5}}{{sfn|Sykes|2010|p=8}} In 1837, the county's first textile mill, Richmond Manufacturing Company, was built. A growth in cotton production, concentrated in the western portion of the county, led the enslaved population to increase to the point where they made up half of local residents.{{sfn|Sharpe|1953|p=5}} Around 1850 the largely unused Sandhills region in the eastern section of the county began to be exploited by the [[naval stores]] industry, particularly for the harvest of [[turpentine]] from [[longleaf pines]].{{sfn|Sharpe|1953|p=22}} Railway service was introduced in Richmond in 1861.{{sfn|Sykes|2010|p=8}}
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