Editing Revolution (section)

== Types ==
There are numerous typologies of revolution in the social science literature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grinin |first1=Leonid |last2=Grinin |first2=Anton |last3=Korotayev |first3=Andrey |title=20th Century revolutions: characteristics, types, and waves |journal=[[Humanities and Social Sciences Communications]] |date=2022 |volume=9 |issue=124 |doi=10.1057/s41599-022-01120-9 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] differentiated between:
* sudden and violent revolutions that seek not only to establish a new political system but to overhaul an entire society, and; 
* slow and relentless revolutions that involve sweeping transformations of the entire society and may take several generations to bring about (such as changes in religion).<ref>{{cite book| first=Roger |last=Boesche |author-link=Roger Boesche |title=Tocqueville's Road Map: Methodology, Liberalism, Revolution, and Despotism |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |date=2006 |isbn=0-7391-1665-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLL6Bil2gtcC&pg=PA87 |pages=87-88}}</ref>

[[File:Europe 1848 map en.png|thumb|[[Revolutions of 1848]] were essentially [[bourgeois revolution]]s and democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old [[Monarchy|monarchical]] structures and creating independent [[Nation state|nation-states]].]]
One of the [[Marxist]] typologies divides revolutions into: 
* pre-capitalist 
* early [[bourgeois]]
* bourgeois
* [[Bourgeois revolution|bourgeois-democratic]]
* early [[proletarian]]
* [[Revolutionary socialism|socialist]]<ref>{{cite journal|first=J. |last=Topolski |title=Rewolucje w dziejach nowożytnych i najnowszych (xvii-xx wiek) |language=pl |trans-title=Revolutions in modern and recent history (17th-20th century) |journal=Kwartalnik Historyczny |volume=LXXXIII |date=1976 |pages=251–267}}</ref>

[[Charles Tilly]], a modern scholar of revolutions, differentiated between: 
* [[coup d'état]] (a top-down seizure of power), e.g., [[May Coup (Poland)|Poland, 1926]]
* [[civil war]] 
* [[revolt]], and
* "great revolution" (a revolution that transforms economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the [[French Revolution]] of 1789, [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] of 1917, or [[Islamic Revolution of Iran]] in 1979).<ref>{{cite book|first=Charles |last=Tilly |author-link=Charles Tilly |title=European Revolutions, 1492-1992 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |date=1995 |isbn=0-631-19903-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IJBNvCsXfnIC&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/dayancenter/mel/lewis.html |first=Bernard |last=Lewis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429144545/http://www.tau.ac.il/dayancenter/mel/lewis.html |archive-date=29 April 2007 |title=Iran in History |website=Moshe Dayan Center, [[Tel Aviv University]]}}</ref>

[[Mark N. Katz|Mark Katz]] identified six forms of revolution:
* rural revolution
* urban revolution
* coup d'état, e.g., [[1952 Egyptian revolution|Egypt, 1952]]
* revolution from above, e.g., [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Great Leap Forward]] of 1958
* revolution from without, e.g., the Allied invasions of [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] in 1943 and of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in 1945
* revolution by osmosis, e.g., the gradual [[Islamization]] of several countries.{{sfn|Katz|1997|p=4}}

[[File:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|thumb|A [[Watt steam engine]] in [[Madrid]]. The development of the [[steam engine]] propelled the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from [[coal mine]]s, enabling them to be deepened beyond [[groundwater]] levels.|alt=]]
These categories are not mutually exclusive; the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] began with an urban revolution to depose the Czar, followed by a rural revolution, followed by the [[Bolshevik]] coup in November. Katz also cross-classified revolutions as follows:
* Central: countries, usually [[Great Powers]], which play a leading role in a [[revolutionary wave]]; e.g., the [[USSR]], [[Nazi Germany]], [[Iran]] since 1979{{sfn|Katz|1997|p=13}}
* Aspiring revolutions, which follow the Central revolution
* subordinate or puppet revolutions
* rival revolutions, in which a former alliance is broken, such as [[Tito-Stalin split|Yugoslavia after 1948]], and [[Sino-Soviet split|China after 1960]].

A further dimension to Katz's typology is that revolutions are either against (anti-monarchy, anti-dictatorial, anti-communist, anti-democratic) or for (pro-fascism, pro-communism, pro-nationalism, etc.). In the latter cases, a transition period is generally necessary to decide which direction to take to achieve the desired form of government.{{sfn|Katz|1997|p=12}} Other types of revolution, created for other typologies, include [[proletarian revolution|proletarian]] or [[communist revolutions]] (inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aim to replace [[capitalism]] with [[communism]]); failed or abortive revolutions (that are not able to secure power after winning temporary victories or amassing large-scale mobilizations); or violent vs. [[nonviolent revolution]]s. The term ''revolution'' has also been used to denote great changes outside the political sphere. Such revolutions, often labeled [[social revolution]]s, are recognized as major transformations in a society's culture, philosophy, or technology, rather than in its [[political system]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Irving E. |last=Fang |title=A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions |publisher=[[Focal Press]] |date=1997 |isbn=0-240-80254-3 |pages=xv}}</ref> Some social revolutions are global in scope, while others are limited to single countries. Commonly cited examples of social revolution are the [[Industrial Revolution]], [[Scientific Revolution]], [[Commercial Revolution]], and [[Digital Revolution]]. These revolutions also fit the "slow revolution" type identified by Tocqueville.<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray |first=Warwick E. |author-link=Warwick Murray |title=Geographies of Globalization |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2006 |isbn=0-415-31800-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L-3Vq3aadTYC&pg=PA226 226]}}</ref>