Editing Representative democracy (section)

==Research on representation ''per se''==
{{Further|Representation (politics)}}
Separate but related, and very large, bodies of research in [[political philosophy]] and [[social science]] investigate how and how well elected representatives, such as legislators, represent the interests or preferences of one or another constituency. The [[empirical research]] shows that representative systems tend to be biased towards the representation of more affluent classes to the detriment of the population at large.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Lawrence R. |last2=Page |first2=Benjamin I. |title=Who Influences U.S. Foreign Policy? |journal=American Political Science Review |date=February 2005 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=107–123 |doi=10.1017/S000305540505152X |s2cid=154481971 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernauer |first1=Julian |last2=Giger |first2=Nathalie |last3=Rosset |first3=Jan |title=Mind the gap: Do proportional electoral systems foster a more equal representation of women and men, poor and rich? |journal=International Political Science Review |date=January 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=78–98 |doi=10.1177/0192512113498830 |s2cid=145633250 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gilens |first1=Martin |last2=Page |first2=Benjamin I. |title=Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens |journal=Perspectives on Politics |date=September 2014 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=564–581 |doi=10.1017/S1537592714001595 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carnes |first1=Nicholas |title=White-Collar Government: The Hidden Role of Class in Economic Policy Making |date=2013 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-08728-3 }}{{page needed|date=March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carnes |first1=Nicholas |last2=Lupu |first2=Noam |title=Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America |journal=American Journal of Political Science |date=January 2015 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12112 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Rethinking_the_Comparative_Perspective_on_Class_and_Representation_Evidence_from_Latin_America/26125930 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giger |first1=Nathalie |last2=Rosset |first2=Jan |last3=Bernauer |first3=Julian |title=The Poor Political Representation of the Poor in a Comparative Perspective |journal=Representation |date=April 2012 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=47–61 |doi=10.1080/00344893.2012.653238 |s2cid=154081733 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=Yvette |last2=Ensink |first2=Sander J. |title=Differential Responsiveness in Europe: The Effects of Preference Difference and Electoral Participation |journal=West European Politics |date=4 May 2015 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=577–600 |doi=10.1080/01402382.2014.973260 |s2cid=153452076 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schakel |first1=Wouter |last2=Burgoon |first2=Brian |last3=Hakhverdian |first3=Armen |title=Real but Unequal Representation in Welfare State Reform |journal=Politics & Society |date=March 2020 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=131–163 |doi=10.1177/0032329219897984 |s2cid=214235967 |doi-access=free |hdl=1887/138869 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>