Editing Redbrick university (section)

==Other institutions==

Various other civic institutions with origins dating from the 19th and early to mid-20th centuries have also been described as "red brick". According to historian William Whyte of the University of Oxford, Truscot's original definition includes the [[University of Dundee]] (originally an independent university college before becoming a constituent college of the University of St Andrews, and also in receipt of the grant to university colleges in 1889), [[Newcastle University]] (previously a college of the University of Durham, and noted by Truscot as "perhaps" being included), and the Welsh university colleges (not named, but could include [[Aberystwyth University|Aberystwyth]] (1872), [[Cardiff University|Cardiff]] (1883), [[Bangor University|Bangor]] (1885) and [[Swansea University|Swansea]] (1920)). Whyte does not include Reading or Nottingham, which Truscot lists in his second edition.<ref name=Truscot1951/><ref name=Grants/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/how-the-redbrick-universities-created-british-higher-education|title=How the redbrick universities created British higher education|date=12 November 2015|author=John Morgan|quote=Professor Whyte said that Truscot's term "describes the late 19th, early 20th-century foundations": including Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Bristol, Sheffield, Newcastle, as well as Dundee "and the Welsh universities" beyond England.}}</ref>

Many other institutions share similar characteristics to the original civic universities, particularly those in the [[List of UK universities by date of foundation#Second wave of civic universities|second wave of civic universities]] before the advent of the [[plate glass universities]] in 1961. These universities were similar to the redbricks that gained university status prior to the First World War in that they evolved from local [[university colleges]] and (with the exception of Keele) awarded external degrees of the [[University of London]] before being granted full university status; they differ in that they became universities later, after the Second World War (with the exception of Reading) rather than before the First World War. The [[Robbins Report]] lists [[University of Reading|Reading]], [[University of Nottingham|Nottingham]], [[University of Southampton|Southampton]], [[University of Hull|Hull]], [[University of Exeter|Exeter]], [[University of Leicester|Leicester]] and [[Keele University|Keele]] as being "younger civic universities".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/robbins/robbins1963.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011903/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/robbins/robbins1963.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2013|title=Report of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Robbins|date=1963|access-date=31 December 2016|publisher=[[Her Majesty's Stationery Office]]}}</ref>

[[Queen's University Belfast]] gained university status in 1908 during the same period as the English redbrick universities, having previously been established in 1845 as a college of the [[Queen's University of Ireland]]. As a result, it meets the dictionary definition of a redbrick university,<ref name=OED/> and is sometimes named as such.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.studyacrossthepond.com/queens-university-belfast|title=Queen's University Belfast|quote=Queen’s is a world-class, red-brick university situated in Belfast, the regional capital of Northern Ireland.|publisher=Study Across The Pond|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>

[[Department for Education]] research in 2016 split universities into four categories: [[Ancient university|ancient]] (pre-1800), red brick (1800–1960), [[plate glass university|plate glass]] (1960-1992), and [[New university|post-1992]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/557107/Teaching-Excellence-Framework-highly-skilled-employment..pdf|publisher=Department for Education|title=Teaching Excellence Framework: analysis of highly skilled employment outcomes |author=Peter Blyth and Arran Cleminson| date=September 2016|access-date=30 June 2017|page=18}}</ref>