Editing Race and intelligence (section)

=== Pioneer Fund and ''The Bell Curve'' ===
As the desegregation of the American South gained traction in the 1950s, debate about black intelligence resurfaced. [[Audrey Shuey]], funded by Draper's [[Pioneer Fund]], published a new analysis of Yerkes' tests, concluding that black people really were of inferior intellect to white people. This study was used by segregationists to argue that it was to the advantage of black children to be educated separately from the superior white children.{{sfn|Jackson|2005}} In the 1960s, the debate was revived when [[William Shockley]] publicly defended the view that black children were innately unable to learn as well as white children.{{sfn|Shurkin|2006}} [[Arthur Jensen]] expressed similar opinions in his ''[[Harvard Educational Review]]'' article, "[[How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?]]," which questioned the value of [[compensatory education]] for African-American children.{{sfn|Jensen|1969|pages=1–123}} He suggested that poor educational performance in such cases reflected an underlying genetic cause rather than lack of stimulation at home or other environmental factors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panofsky |first1=Aaron |title=Misbehaving Science. Controversy and the Development of Behavior Genetics |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-05831-3 |date=2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Alland|2002|pages=79–80}}

Another revival of public debate followed the appearance of ''[[The Bell Curve]]'' (1994), a book by [[Richard Herrnstein]] and [[Charles Murray (political scientist)|Charles Murray]] that supported the general viewpoint of Jensen.{{sfn|Herrnstein|Murray|1994}} A statement in support of Herrnstein and Murray titled "[[Mainstream Science on Intelligence]]," was published in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' with 52 signatures. ''The Bell Curve'' also led to critical responses in a statement titled "[[Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns]]" of the American Psychological Association and in several books, including ''[[The Bell Curve Debate]]'' (1995), ''[[Inequality by Design]]'' (1996) and a second edition of ''[[The Mismeasure of Man]]'' (1996) by [[Stephen Jay Gould]].<ref name="Maltby, Day & Macaskill 2007"/><ref name="Mackintosh 1998">{{harvnb|Mackintosh|1998}}</ref>

Some of the authors proposing genetic explanations for group differences have received funding from the [[Pioneer Fund]], which was headed by [[J. Philippe Rushton]] until his death in 2012.{{sfn|Tucker|2002}}<ref name="Maltby, Day & Macaskill 2007">{{harvnb|Maltby|Day|Macaskill|2007}}</ref>{{sfn|Graves|2002a}}{{sfn|Graves|2002b}}<ref>{{harvnb|Grossman|Kaufman|2001}}</ref> Arthur Jensen, who jointly with Rushton published a 2005 review article arguing that the difference in average IQs between blacks and whites is partly due to genetics, received $1.1 million in grants from the Pioneer Fund.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Miller |year=1994 |title=The Pioneer Fund: Bankrolling the Professors of Hate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2962466 |journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |issue=6 |pages=58–61 |doi=10.2307/2962466|jstor=2962466 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Blakemore |first1=Bill |last2=Jennings |first2=Peter |last3=Nissen |first3=Beth |date=November 22, 1994 |title=The Bell Curve and the Pioneer Fund |url=http://www.ferris.edu/isar/tanton/abcnews.htm |work=ABC World News Tonight |publisher=ABC News |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213542/http://www.ferris.edu/isar/tanton/abcnews.htm |url-status=live }} Vanderbilt Television News Archive : [http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=151406 ABC Evening News for Tuesday, Nov 22, 1994. Headline: American Agenda (Intelligence)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103223437/http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=151406 |date=January 3, 2016 }}</ref> According to [[Ashley Montagu]], "The University of California's Arthur Jensen, cited twenty-three times in ''The Bell Curve''{{'}}s bibliography, is the book's principal authority on the intellectual inferiority of blacks."<ref>{{cite book |last=Montagu |first=Ashley |title=Race and IQ |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2002 |edition=2 |isbn=978-0-19-510221-5}}</ref>

The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] lists the Pioneer Fund as a [[hate group]], citing the fund's history, its funding of race and intelligence research, and its connections with [[racist]] individuals.{{sfn|Berlet|2003}} Other researchers have criticized the Pioneer Fund for promoting [[scientific racism]], [[eugenics]] and [[white supremacy]].{{sfn|Tucker|2002}}<ref>[http://www.pioneerfund.org/Board.html Pioneer Fund Board] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525150639/http://www.pioneerfund.org/Board.html |date=2011-05-25 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Falk|2008|p=18}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wroe|2008|p=81}}</ref>