Editing Public relations (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of public relations}}
Public relations has historical roots pre-dating the 20th century. Most textbooks regard the establishment of the "Publicity Bureau" in Boston in 1900 as marking the founding of a public relations [[profession]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=The history of Public Relations {{!}} Adoni Media |url=https://www.adonimedia.com.au/the-history-of-public-relations/ |access-date=29 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>  Academics have found early forms of public [[influence (disambiguation)|influence]] and [[communications management]] in ancient civilizations. [[Aristotle]]'s [[Rhetoric (Aristotle)|''Rhetoric'']], for example, explains core foundations for [[persuasion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alim |first=Shifta |url=https://scoreindia.org/blog/evolution-of-public-relations/ |title=Evolution of public relations |date=29 July 2020 |publisher=School of Communication and Reputation |isbn= |language=en |access-date= }}</ref> Evidence shows that it continued to evolve during the settling of the [[New World]] and during the movement to abolish slavery in England.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olubanwo |first=Dare |title=The History of Public Relations in U.K |url=https://www.academia.edu/16997061}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dare |first=Olubanwo |title=The History of Public Relations in U.K |url=https://www.academia.edu/16997061 |journal= |issue=Academia.edu |pages=1 |via=Academia}}</ref> [[Basil Clarke]] is considered the founder of public relations in the [[United Kingdom]] for his establishment of "Editorial Services" in 1924.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 July 2013|title=Basil Clarke: past and present of PR|url=https://prstudies.com/2013/07/15/basil-clarke-past-and-present-of-pr/|access-date=20 February 2021|website=PR Studies|language=en|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120130002/https://prstudies.com/2013/07/15/basil-clarke-past-and-present-of-pr/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

The United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and others used the concept of [[propaganda]], which later{{when|date=October 2021}} evolved into public relations, to rally domestic support and to demonize enemies during the [[World Wars]] (compare [[journalism]]). [[World War I]] (1914–1918), which affected not only military but whole populations, is considered to be "modern propaganda's launching pad".<ref>Compare: {{Cite book|last1=Manning|first1=Martin J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-JjwDPcOLQC|title=Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda|last2=Manning|first2=Martin|last3=Romerstein|first3=Herbert|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29605-5|language=en|quote=World War I, the first total war involving not just the military but populations as a whole, should be considered propaganda's launching pad.|page=xxviii|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205011432/https://books.google.com/books?id=1-JjwDPcOLQC|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to more sophisticated commercial publicity efforts as public-relations talent entered the private sector.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Most{{quantify|date=October 2021}} historians believe modern-day public relations was first established in the US by [[Ivy Lee]] (1877–1934) in 1903 when he started working as the image maker for and corporate advisor for Rockefeller. [[Edward Bernays]] (1891–1995), who handled the publicity of theatrical associations in 1913,{{which|date=October 2021}} then spread internationally.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Meanwhile, in the nascent [[Soviet Russia]] of the 1920s, artists and poets (such as [[Vladimir Mayakovsky|Mayakovsky]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lachman |first1=Gary |author-link1=Gary Lachman |title=The Dedalus Book of Literary Suicides: Dead Letters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4faAAAAMAAJ |series=Dedalus Concept Books |year=2008 |location=Sawtry, Cambridgeshire |publisher=Dedalus |publication-date=2008 |page=124 |isbn=978-1-903517-66-6 |access-date=8 October 2021 |quote=[Authorities] granted Mayakovsky extraordinary liberties, and no doubt the Bolsheviks saw the advantages of sending their premiere poet on a public relations jaunt. |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322114548/https://books.google.com/books?id=h4faAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>) engaged in public-relations campaigns for various state agencies and causes (note for example [[Likbez]]).

Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe when they set up European subsidiaries in the wake of the [[Marshall Plan|Marshall plan]] of 1948–1952.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kipping|first1=Matthias|title=The 'americanisation' of European companies, consumers and cultures: contents, processes and outcomes|date=2 May 2018|url=http://books.openedition.org/irhis/1935|work=Americanisation in 20th Century Europe: business, culture, politics. Volume 2|pages=7–23|editor-last=Kipping|editor-first=Mathias|series=Histoire et littérature du Septentrion (IRHiS)|place=Lille|publisher=Publications de l'Institut de recherches historiques du Septentrion|isbn=978-2-490296-08-8|access-date=20 February 2021|last2=Tiratsoo|first2=Nick|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923165238/https://books.openedition.org/irhis/1935|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the second half of the 20th century, public relations entered an era of [[professional development]]. Trade associations, PR news-magazines, international PR agencies, and academic principles for the profession were established. In the early 2000s, press-release services began offering social-media press releases. [[The Cluetrain Manifesto]] predicted the effect of social media in 1999.<ref>{{Cite news |title='The internet is a conversation': Lessons from the Cluetrain Manifesto 17 years on |newspaper=The Drum |url=https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2016/03/10/internet-conversation-lessons-cluetrain-manifesto-17-years |quote=The Cluetrain Manifesto predicted exactly what would happen. In 1999 it foretold that markets are conversations and that the internet enables the world's biggest conversation. |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128120154/https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2016/03/10/internet-conversation-lessons-cluetrain-manifesto-17-years |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2024, social media has been widely used by businesses for advertising and direct engagement with customers, and is considered a necessary tool for influence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Media Impact: How Social Media Sites Affect Society |url=https://www.apu.apus.edu/area-of-study/business-and-management/resources/how-social-media-sites-affect-society/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.apu.apus.edu |language=en}}</ref>