Editing Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (section)

===Civil war===
Ptolemy XIII and Pothinus managed to force Cleopatra to flee to [[Roman Syria|Syria]], but she soon organized her own army and a civil war began in Egypt. Soon their other sister started to claim the throne as [[Arsinoe IV of Egypt]] (r. 48–47 BC), further complicating the situation.

At this point, defeated [[Roman Republic|Roman]] general [[Pompey the Great]] came to Egypt seeking refuge from his pursuing rival [[Julius Caesar]]. Initially, Ptolemy XIII pretended to have accepted his request, but on 29 September 48 BC, he had the general murdered by [[Achillas]] and [[Lucius Septimius]] in hopes of winning favor with Caesar when the victorious general arrived.

When Caesar arrived he was presented with the head of his deceased rival and former ally, but reportedly, instead of being pleased, Caesar reacted with disgust and ordered that Pompey's body be located and given a proper Roman funeral. Cleopatra VII proved more successful in winning Caesar's favor and became his lover. Caesar arranged the execution of Pothinus and the official return to the throne of Cleopatra VII, though she had never officially [[abdication|abdicated]] her marriage to Ptolemy XIII.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Still determined to depose Cleopatra VII, Ptolemy XIII allied himself with Arsinoe IV. Jointly, they organized the factions of the army loyal to them against those loyal to Cleopatra VII and the relatively small part of his army that had accompanied Caesar to Egypt. The battle between the warring factions occurred in mid-December 48 BC inside [[Alexandria]] itself ([[Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)]]), which suffered serious damage.<ref>Plutarch, Life of Julius Caesar, 49:3.</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2023}} Around this time, the burning of the [[Library of Alexandria]] occurred.<ref>Aulus Gellius. Attic Nights [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/7*.html book 7 chapter 17].</ref>

Upon the arrival of Roman reinforcements, the [[Battle of the Nile (47 BC)]] ensued and resulted in a victory for Caesar and Cleopatra, forcing Ptolemy XIII to flee the city. He reportedly drowned on 13 January 47 BC while attempting to cross the [[Nile]] river.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatra0000sout/page/101/mode/1up?view=theater&q=XIII|title=Cleopatra|last=Southern|first=Pat|publisher=Tempus|year=2000|page=102|isbn=978-0-7524-4336-2 }}</ref> Whether he was attempting to flee or was seeking negotiations remains uncertain from sources of the time. Cleopatra VII remained the unchallenged ruler of Egypt, although she named their younger brother [[Ptolemy XIV Philopator|Ptolemy XIV of Egypt]] (r. 47–44 BC) her new co-ruler.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}