Editing Psychosurgery (section)

==By country==

===China===

In China, psychosurgical operations which make a lesion in the [[nucleus accumbens]] are used in the treatment of drug and alcohol dependence.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wu | first1 = HM | last2 = Wang | first2 = XL | last3 = Chang | first3 = CW | last4 = Li | first4 = N | last5 = Gao | first5 = L | last6 = Geng | first6 = N | last7 = Ma | first7 = JH | last8 = Zhao | first8 = W | last9 = Gao | first9 = GD. |name-list-style=vanc| year = 2010 | title = Preliminary findings in ablating the nucleus accumbens using stereotactic surgery for alleviating psychological dependence on alcohol | journal = Neurosci. Lett. | volume = 473 | issue = 2| pages = 77–81 | doi = 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.019 | pmid = 20156524  | s2cid = 35067411 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1159/000075111 | last1 = Gao | first1 = G.D. | last2 = Wang | year = 2003 | first2 = X | last3 = He | first3 = S | last4 = Li | first4 = W | last5 = Wang | first5 = Q | last6 = Liang | first6 = Q | last7 = Zhao | first7 = Y | last8 = Hou | first8 = F | last9 = Chen | first9 = L | title = Clinical study for alleviating opiate drug psychological dependence by a method of ablating the nucleus accumbens with stereotactic surgery | journal = Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery | volume = 81 | issue = 1–4| pages = 96–104 | pmid = 14742971  | s2cid = 45838805 }}</ref> Psychosurgery is also used in the treatment of schizophrenia, depression, and other mental disorders.<ref name="Wall"/> Psychosurgery is not regulated in China, and its use has been criticised in the West.<ref name="Wall"/>

===India===
India had an extensive psychosurgery programme until the 1980s, using it to treat addiction, and aggressive behaviour in adults and children, as well as depression and OCD.<ref>P.K. Doshi 2009 [https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-69960-6_12 History of stereotactic surgery in India]. In A.M. Lozano, P.L. Gildenberg and R.R. Tasker (eds.) ''Textbook of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery''. Berlin: Springer, 155–68</ref>
Cingulotomy and capsulotomy for depression and OCD continue to be used, for example at the BSES MG Hospital in Mumbai.<ref>[http://www.ghrc-bk.org/hospital_surgical_neurosurgery.html Neurosurgery at the BSES MG Hospital] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216032459/http://www.ghrc-bk.org/hospital_surgical_neurosurgery.html |date=2009-12-16 }}</ref>

===Japan===
In Japan the first lobotomy was performed in 1939 and the operation was used extensively in mental hospitals.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fujikura | first1 = I. | year = 1993 | title = History of psychosurgery | journal = Nippon Ishigaku Zasshi | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 217–22 | pmid = 11639762 }}</ref> However, psychosurgery fell into disrepute in the 1970s, partly due to its use on children with behavioural problems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nudeshima |first1=Jiro |last2=Taira |first2=Takaomi |date=September 2017 |title=A brief note on the history of psychosurgery in Japan |url=https://thejns.org/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/43/3/article-pE13.xml |journal=Neurosurgical Focus |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=E13 |doi=10.3171/2017.6.FOCUS17255 |issn=1092-0684|doi-access=free |pmid=28859568 }}</ref>

===Australia and New Zealand===

In the 1980s there were 10–20 operations a year in Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="Sachdev"/> The number had decreased to one or two a year by the 1990s.<ref name="Sachdev"/> In Victoria, there were no operations between 2001 and 2006, but between 2007 and 2012 the Victoria Psychosurgery Review Board dealt with 12 applications, all of them for DBS.<ref>[http://www.mhrb.vic.gov.au/images/stories/mhrb/publications/annualreports/prb2012.pdf Psychosurgery Board annual report 2011/12. Melbourne, Australia]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Europe===

In the 20-year period 1971–1991 the Committee on Psychosurgery in the Netherlands and Belgium oversaw 79 operations.<ref name="RCPsy"/> Since 2000 there has been only one centre in Belgium performing psychosurgery, carrying out about 8 or 9 operations a year (some capsulotomies and some DBS), mostly for OCD.<ref name="Sachdev"/>

In France about five people a year were undergoing psychosurgery in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |title=La neurochirurgie fonctionnelle d'affections psychiatriques sévères |trans-title=Functional neurosurgery of severe psychiatric conditions |publisher=[[Comité Consultatif National d'Ethique]] |date=2002-04-25 |url=http://www.ccne-ethique.fr/docs/fr/avis071.pdf |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720211020/http://www.ccne-ethique.fr/docs/fr/avis071.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 }}</ref>
In 2005 the Health Authority recommended the use of ablative psychosurgery and DBS for OCD.<ref>{{cite news |first=S. |last=Wainrib |title=Psychiatrie; vers le nouveau 'sujet toc' |work=Le Monde |date=6 December 2006}}</ref>

In the early 2000s in Spain about 24 psychosurgical operations (capsulotomy, cingulotomy, subcaudate tractotomy, and hypothalamotomy) a year were being performed. OCD was the most common diagnosis, but psychosurgery was also being used in the treatment of anxiety and schizophrenia, and other disorders.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In the UK between the late 1990s and 2009 there were just two centres using psychosurgery: a few stereotactic anterior capsulotomies are performed every year at the [[University Hospital of Wales]], Cardiff, while anterior cingulotomies are carried out by the Advanced Interventions Service at [[Ninewells Hospital]], Dundee. The patients have diagnoses of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety. Ablative psychosurgery was not performed in England between the late 1990s and 2009,<ref name="RCPsy"/> although a couple of hospitals have been experimenting with DBS.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4625775.stm |title=Brain pacemaker lifts depression |work=BBC News |date=27 June 2005 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> In 2010, [[Frenchay Hospital]] in Bristol performed an anterior cingulotomy on a woman who had previously undergone DBS.<ref>{{cite web |author=Care Quality Commission |year=2010 |url=http://www.cqc.org.uk/_.../CQC_Monitoring_the_use_of_the_Mental_Health_Act_in_200910_Main_report_Tagged.pdf |title=Monitoring the use of the Mental Health Act in 2009/10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720103133/http://www.cqc.org.uk/_.../CQC_Monitoring_the_use_of_the_Mental_Health_Act_in_200910_Main_report_Tagged.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |page=93}}</ref>

In Russia in 1998 the Institute of the Human Brain ([[Russian Academy of Sciences]]) started a programme of stereotactic cingulotomy for the treatment of drug addiction. About 85 people, all under the age of 35, were operated on annually.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1023/A:1024945927301 | last1 = Medvedev | first1 = S. V. | last2 = Anichkov | first2 = A. D. | last3 = Polykov | first3 = Y. I. | year = 2003 | title = Physiological mechanisms of the effectiveness of bilateral stereotactic cingulotomy against strong psychological dependence in drug addicts | journal = Human Physiology | volume = 29 | issue = 4| pages = 492–497 | s2cid = 27264612 }}</ref> In the <!--not "former": this is a historical statement-->Soviet Union, leucotomies were used for the treatment of schizophrenia in the 1940s, but the practice was prohibited by the Ministry of Health in 1950.<ref name="Lichterman">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lichterman | first1 = B. L. | year = 1993 | title = On the history of psychosurgery in Russia | journal =   Acta Neurochirurgica| volume = 125 | issue = 1–4| pages = 1–4 | doi=10.1007/bf01401819 | pmid=8122532| s2cid = 189764136 }}</ref>

===North America===

In the United States, the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] has a psychosurgery program.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/functional/psysurg.htm |title=Massachusetts General Hospital Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery Center |access-date=2010-05-03 |archive-date=2010-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829204222/http://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/functional/psysurg.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Operations are also performed at a few other centres.

In Mexico, psychosurgery is used in the treatment of anorexia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?idc=144281 |title=El ISSSTE es pionero en psicocirugía contra anorexia |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426023422/http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?idc=144281 |archive-date=2010-04-26 |work=La Cronica |date=17 September 2004}}</ref> and aggression.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jiménez-Ponce |first=F. |display-authors=etal| year = 2011 | title = Evaluation of bilateral cingulotomy and anterior capsulotomy for the treatment of aggressive behavior | url = http://www.nietoeditores.com.mx/download/Cirugia%20y%20Cirujanos/Marzo-Abril2011/INGLES/Cir%20Cir%20ingles%202.3%20EVALUATION.pdf | journal = Cirugia y Cirujanos | volume = 79 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–13 | pmid = 21631970 | access-date = 2012-02-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223250/http://www.nietoeditores.com.mx/download/Cirugia%20y%20Cirujanos/Marzo-Abril2011/INGLES/Cir%20Cir%20ingles%202.3%20EVALUATION.pdf | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In Canada, anterior capsulotomies are used in the treatment of depression and OCD.<ref name="Hurwitz">{{cite journal | last = Hurwitz |first=T. A. | year = 2012 | title = Bilateral anterior capsulotomy for depression | url = http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/data/Journals/NP/24390/176.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130605183312/http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/data/Journals/NP/24390/176.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-06-05 | journal = Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 24 | issue =  2| pages = 176–82 | doi = 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11080189 | pmid = 22772665 | display-authors = etal }}</ref><ref name="D'Astous">{{cite journal | last = D'Astous |first=M. | year = 2013 | title = Bilateral anterior capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: long-term follow-up | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 84 | issue = 11| pages = 1208–13 | doi=10.1136/jnnp-2012-303826| pmid = 23733922 | s2cid = 2143 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

===South America===

Venezuela has three centres performing psychosurgery. Capsulotomies, cingulotomies and amygdalotomies are used to treat OCD and aggression.<ref>{{cite web |first=G. |last=Chiappe |url=http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/03/30/ten_art_las-obsesiones-se-pu_1815215.shtml |title=Las Obsesiones se peuden operar |language=es |work=El Universal |date=30 March 2010}}</ref>