Editing Proximate cause (section)

===Foreseeability===
The most common test of proximate cause under the American legal system is foreseeability. It determines if the harm resulting from an action could reasonably have been predicted. The test is used in most cases only in respect to the type of harm. It is foreseeable, for example, that throwing a baseball at someone could cause them a [[Blunt trauma|blunt-force injury]]. But proximate cause is still met if a thrown baseball misses the target and knocks a heavy object off a shelf behind them, which causes a blunt-force injury.

This is also known as the "extraordinary in hindsight" rule.<ref>See [[Restatement of the Law|Restatement (Second) of Torts]].</ref>

In the United Kingdom, a "threefold test" of foreseeability of damage, proximity of relationship and reasonableness was established in the case of [[Caparo Industries plc v Dickman|Caparo v Dickman]] (1990) and adopted in the litigation between [[Lungowe v Vedanta Resources plc|Lungowe and others and Vedanta Resources plc]] (Supreme Court ruling 2019).<ref>House of Lords, [https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1990/2.html Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman], UKHL 2, delivered 8 February 1990, accessed 3 January 2023</ref><ref>United Kingdom Supreme Court, [https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2019/20.html Vedanta Resources PLC & Anor v Lungowe & Ors], UKSC 20, delivered 10 April 2019, accessed 3 January 2023</ref>