Editing Procyonidae (section)

==Classification==
{{see also|List of procyonids}}
There has been considerable historical uncertainty over the correct classification of several members. The [[red panda]] was previously classified in this family, but it is now classified in its own family, the [[Ailuridae]], based on molecular biology studies. The status of the various [[olingo]]s was disputed: some regarded them all as [[subspecies]] of ''[[Bassaricyon gabbii]]'' before DNA sequence data demonstrated otherwise.<ref name=ZooKeys>{{cite journal |title=Taxonomic revision of the olingos (''Bassaricyon''), with description of a new species, the Olinguito |last1=Helgen |first1=K. M. |last2=Pinto |first2=M. |last3=Kays |first3=R. |last4=Helgen |first4=L. |last5=Tsuchiya |first5=M. |last6=Quinn |first6=A. |last7=Wilson |first7=D. |last8=Maldonado |first8=J.|journal= ZooKeys|issue= 324|date= 2013-08-15|pages= 1–83|doi= 10.3897/zookeys.324.5827 |pmid=24003317 |pmc=3760134|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013ZooK..324....1H }}</ref>

The traditional classification scheme shown below on the left predates the recent revolution in our understanding of procyonid [[phylogeny]] based on genetic sequence analysis. This outdated classification groups kinkajous and olingos together on the basis of similarities in [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] that are now known to be an example of [[parallel evolution]]; similarly, coatis are shown as being most closely related to raccoons, when in fact they are closest to olingos. Below right is a cladogram showing the results of molecular studies {{as of|2013|lc=y}}.<ref name=ZooKeys/><ref name="Koepfli2007"/><ref name="EizirikMurphy2010"/> Genus ''Nasuella'' was not included in these studies, but in a separate study was found to nest within ''Nasua''.<ref name="split">{{cite journal |last1=Helgen |first1=K. M. |last2=Kays |first2=R. |last3=Helgen |first3=L. E. |last4=Tsuchiya-Jerep |first4=M. T. N. |last5=Pinto |first5=C. M. |last6=Koepfli |first6=K. P. |last7=Eizirik |first7=E. |last8=Maldonado |first8=J. E. |date=August 2009 |title=Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, ''Nasuella'' (Carnivora: Procyonidae) |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/8168 |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=41 |pages=65–74 |hdl=10088/8168 |access-date=2013-08-20}}</ref>

{{cladogram|clades={{Clade|style=width:35em;
|label1=Procyonidae
|1={{Clade
 |1={{Clade
  |1={{Clade
   |1=''[[Bassaricyon]]'' (olingos and olinguito)
   |2=''[[Nasua]]'' and ''[[Nasuella]]'' (coatis)
   }}
  |2={{Clade
   |1=''[[Procyon (genus)|Procyon]]'' (raccoons)
   |2=''[[Bassariscus]]'' (ringtail and cacomistle)
   }}
  }}
 |2=''[[Potos]]'' (kinkajou)
}}}}}}

* '''FAMILY PROCYONIDAE'''
** '''Subfamily Procyoninae''' (nine species in four genera)
*** '''Tribe Procyonini'''
**** '''Subtribe Procyonina'''
***** [[Procyon (genus)|Raccoons]], ''Procyon''
****** [[Crab-eating raccoon]], ''Procyon cancrivorus''
****** [[Cozumel raccoon]], ''Procyon pygmaeus''
****** [[Common raccoon]], ''Procyon lotor''
**** '''Subtribe Nasuina'''
***** ''[[Nasua]]''
****** [[South American coati]] or ring-tailed coati, ''Nasua nasua''
****** [[White-nosed coati]], ''Nasua narica''
***** ''[[Nasuella]]''
****** [[Western mountain coati]], ''Nasuella olivacea''
****** [[Eastern mountain coati]], ''Nasuella meridensis''
*** '''Tribe Bassariscini'''
**** ''[[Bassariscus]]''
***** [[Ring-tailed cat|Ringtail]], ''Bassariscus astutus''
***** [[Cacomistle]], ''Bassariscus sumichrasti''
** '''Subfamily Potosinae''' (five species in two genera)
*** ''Potos''
**** [[Kinkajou]], ''Potos flavus''
*** ''[[Bassaricyon]]''
**** [[Northern olingo]] or Gabbi's olingo, ''Bassaricyon gabbii''
**** [[Eastern lowland olingo]], ''Bassaricyon alleni''
**** [[Western lowland olingo]], ''Bassaricyon medius''
**** [[Olinguito]], ''Bassaricyon neblina''

===Phylogeny===

Several recent molecular studies have resolved the phylogenetic relationships between the procyonids, as illustrated in the cladogram below.<ref name="Koepfli2007"/><ref name=ZooKeys/><ref name=split/><ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Law|first1=Chris J.|last2=Slater|first2=Graham J.|last3=Mehta|first3=Rita S.|date=2018-01-01|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|language=en|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|issn=1063-5157|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%
|label1=Procyonidae
|1={{clade
   |label1=''[[Potos]]''
   |1=''[[Kinkajou|Potos flavus]]'' (kinkajou)
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |label1=''[[Procyon (genus)|Procyon]]''
         |sublabel1=(raccoons)
         |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Procyon cancrivorus]]'' (crab eating raccoon)
            |2=''[[Procyon lotor]]'' (common raccoon) [[File:Wild animals of North America, intimate studies of big and little creatures of the mammal kingdom (Page 410) (white background).jpg|60 px]]
            |3=''[[Procyon pygmaeus]]'' (Cozumel raccoon)
            }}
         |label2=''[[Bassariscus]]''
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Bassariscus sumichrasti]]'' (cacomistle)
            |2=''[[Bassariscus astutus]]'' (ringtail)
            }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |label1=''[[Bassaricyon]]''
         |sublabel1=(olingos)
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Bassaricyon medius]]'' (western lowland olingo) [[File:ZooKeys - Bassaricyon medius (white background).jpg|60 px]]
                  |2=''[[Bassaricyon alleni]]'' (eastern lowland olingo) [[File:ZooKeys - Bassaricyon alleni (white background).jpg|60 px]]
                  }}
               |2=''[[Bassaricyon gabbii]]'' (northern olingo) [[File:ZooKeys - Bassaricyon gabbii (white background).jpg|60 px]]
               }}
            |2=''[[Bassaricyon neblina]]'' (olinguito) [[File:ZooKeys - Bassaricyon neblina (white background).jpg|60 px]]
            }}
         |label2=[[Nasua|Nasuina]]
         |sublabel2=(coatis)
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Nasua nasua]]'' (ring-tailed coati)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Nasua narica]]'' (white-nosed coati)
                  |label2=''[[Nasuella]]''
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Nasuella olivacea]]'' (western mountain coati)
                     |2=''[[Nasuella meridensis]]'' (eastern mountain coati)
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

===Extinct taxa===
Below is a list of extinct taxa (many of which are fossil genera and species) compiled in alphabetical order under their respective subfamilies.
* '''Procyonidae''' <small>J.E. Gray, 1825</small>
** †[[Broiliana|Broilianinae]] <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
*** †''[[Broiliana]]'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
**** †''B. dehmi'' <small>Beaumont & Mein, 1973</small>
**** †''B. nobilis'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
*** †''[[Stromeriella]]'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
**** †''S. depressa'' <small>Morlo, 1996</small>
**** †''S. franconica'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
** '''Potosinae''' <small>Trouessart, 1904</small>
*** †''[[Parapotos]]'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 2003</small>
**** †''P. tedfordi'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 2003</small>
** '''Procyoninae''' <small>J.E. Gray, 1825</small>
*** †''[[Arctonasua]]'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. eurybates'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. fricki'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. floridana'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. gracilis'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. minima'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
*** †''[[Bassaricyonoides]]'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
**** †''B. stewartae'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
**** †''B. phyllismillerae'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
*** ''Bassariscus'' <small>Coues, 1887</small>
**** †''B. antiquus'' <small>Matthew & Cook, 1909</small>
**** †''B. casei'' <small>Hibbard, 1952</small>
**** †''B. minimus'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 2004</small>
**** †''B. ogallalae'' <small>Hibbard, 1933</small>
**** †''B. parvus'' <small>Hall, 1927</small>
*** †''[[Chapalmalania]]'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>
**** †''C. altaefrontis'' <small>Kraglievich & Olazábal, 1959</small>
**** †''C. ortognatha'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>
*** †''[[Cyonasua]]'' <small>Ameghino, 1885</small> [=''Amphinasua'' <small>Moreno & Mercerat, 1891</small>; ''Brachynasua'' <small>Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925</small>; ''Pachynasua'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>]
**** †''C. argentina'' <small>Ameghino 1885</small>
**** †''C. argentinus'' <small>(Burmeister, 1891)</small>
**** †''C. brevirostris'' <small>(Moreno & Mercerat, 1891)</small> [=''Amphinasua brevirostris'' <small>Moreno & Mercerat, 1891</small>]
**** †''C. clausa'' <small>(Ameghino, 1904)</small> [=''Pachynasua clausa'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>]
**** †''C. groeberi'' <small>Kraglievich & Reig, 1954</small> [=''Amphinasua groeberi'' <small>Cabrera, 1936</small>]
**** †''C. longirostris'' <small>(Rovereto, 1914)</small>
**** †''C. lutaria'' <small>(Cabrera, 1936)</small> [=''Amphinasua lutaria'' <small>Cabrera, 1936</small>]
**** †''C. meranii'' <small>(Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925)</small> [=''Brachynasua meranii'' <small>Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925</small>]
**** †''C. pascuali'' <small>Linares, 1981</small> [=''Amphinasua pascuali'' <small>Linares, 1981</small>]
**** †''C. robusta'' <small>(Rovereto, 1914)</small>
*** †''[[Edaphocyon]]'' <small>Wilson, 1960</small>
**** †''E. lautus'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''E. palmeri'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
**** †''E. pointblankensis'' <small>Wilson, 1960</small>
*** ''Nasua'' <small>Storr, 1780</small>
**** †''N. pronarica'' <small>Dalquest, 1978</small>
**** †''N. mastodonta'' <small>Emmert & Short, 2018</small>
**** †''N. nicaeensis'' <small>Holl, 1829</small>
*** †''[[Parahyaenodon]]'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>
**** †''P. argentinus'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>
*** †''[[Paranasua]]'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''P. biradica'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
*** †''[[Probassariscus]]'' <small>Merriam, 1911</small>
**** †''P. matthewi'' <small>Merriam, 1911</small>
*** ''Procyon'' <small>Storr, 1780</small>
**** †''P. gipsoni'' <small>Emmert & Short, 2018</small>
**** †''P. megalokolos'' <small>Emmert & Short, 2018</small>
**** †''P. rexroadensis'' <small>Hibbard, 1941</small>
*** †''[[Protoprocyon]]'' <small>Linares, 1981</small> [=''Lichnocyon'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>]
**** †''P. savagei'' <small>Linares, 1981</small> [=''Lichnocyon savagei'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>]
*** †''[[Tetraprothomo]]'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>
**** †''T. argentinus'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>