Editing Porto (section)

===18th century===
By the 13th century, the wine produced in the [[Douro DOC|Douro valley]] was already being transported to Porto in ''barcos rabelos'' (flat sailing vessels). In 1703, the [[Methuen Treaty]] established trade relations and a military alliance between Portugal and England.<ref>Francis, A.D. ''John Methuen and the Anglo-Portuguese Treaties of 1703''. The Historical Journal Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;103 – 124.</ref> In 1717, the first English trading post was established in Porto. The production of [[port wine]] then gradually passed into the hands of a few English firms. To counter this dominance, Prime Minister [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal|Marquis of Pombal]] established a monopolistic Portuguese firm to receive all the wines from the Douro valley. He demarcated the region for the production of port, to ensure the wine's quality; this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe, which was almost a century ahead of a similar exercise in Bordeaux.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=The History of Port: The Marquis of Pombal |url=https://www.taylor.pt/en/what-is-port-wine/history-of-port/the-marquis-of-pombal |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=Taylor's Port |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805144954/https://www.taylor.pt/en/what-is-port-wine/history-of-port/the-marquis-of-pombal |url-status=live }}</ref> The small winegrowers revolted against his strict policies on [[Shrove Tuesday]], burning down the buildings of this firm. The revolt became known as the ''Revolta dos Borrachos'' (revolt of the drunkards).{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Between 1732 and 1763, Italian architect [[Nicolau Nasoni]] designed a [[Baroque architecture|baroque]] church with a tower that became its architectural and visual icon: the [[Clérigos Church|Torre dos Clérigos]] (English: Clerics' Tower). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became an important industrial center and its size and population increased.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}