Editing Pope Urban II (section)

=== Struggle for authority ===
{{Main|Investiture Controversy|Gregorian Reforms|Anselm of Canterbury|Bertrade de Montfort}}
[[Image:Quimper - Cathédrale Saint-Corentin - PA00090326 - 040.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A 19th century stained-glass depiction of Urban receiving [[Anselm of Canterbury|St Anselm]], exiled from [[Kingdom of England|England]] by [[William the Red]] amid the [[Investiture Controversy]].]]

From the outset, Urban had to reckon with the presence of [[Antipope Clement III|Guibert]], the former [[bishop of Ravenna]] who held [[Rome]] as the [[antipope]] Clement III. [[Pope Gregory VII]] had repeatedly clashed with the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] over [[papal authority]]. Despite the [[Walk to Canossa]], Gregory had backed the rebel [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]], the duke of [[Swabia]], and again [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] the emperor. Henry finally took Rome in 1084 and installed Clement III in Gregory's place.

Urban took up Gregory's policies and, while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic finesse. Usually kept away from Rome,{{sfn|Peters|1971|p=33}} Urban toured northern Italy and France. A series of well-attended [[synod]]s held in [[Rome]], [[Amalfi]], [[Benevento]], and [[Troia, Italy|Troia]] supported him in renewed declarations against [[simony]], [[Investiture Controversy|lay investitures]], [[clerical celibacy|clerical marriages]] (partly via the ''[[cullagium]]'' tax), and the emperor and his antipope. He facilitated the marriage of [[Matilda of Tuscany|Matilda]], countess of Tuscany, with [[Welf II, Duke of Bavaria|Welf II]], [[list of Bavarian monarchs|duke of Bavaria]]. He supported the rebellion of Prince [[Conrad of Italy]] against his father and bestowed the office of groom on Conrad at [[Cremona]] in 1095.<ref name=rob>{{citation |last=Robinson |first=I.S. |title=Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8fNo5UNIYC&pg=PA291 |page=291 |isbn=9780521545907 |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}.</ref> While there, he helped arrange the marriage between Conrad and [[Maximilla of Sicily|Maximilla]], the daughter of Count [[Roger I of Sicily]], which occurred later that year in [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]]; her large [[dowry]] helped finance Conrad's continued campaigns.<ref name="rob"/> Empress [[Eupraxia of Kiev|Adelaide]] was encouraged in her charges of sexual coercion against her husband, Henry IV. He supported the theological and ecclesiastical work of [[Anselm of Canterbury]], negotiating a solution to the cleric's impasse with King [[William II of England]] and finally receiving England's support against the imperial antipope in Rome.

However, Urban maintained vigorous support for his predecessors' reforms and did not shy from supporting Anselm when the new archbishop of Canterbury fled England. Likewise, despite the importance of French support for his cause, he upheld his legate [[Hugh of Die]]'s [[excommunication]] of King [[Philip I of France]] over his doubly bigamous marriage with [[Bertrade de Montfort]], wife of the [[Fulk IV, Count of Anjou|Count of Anjou]]. (The ban was repeatedly lifted and reimposed as the king promised to forswear her and then repeatedly returned to her. A public penance in 1104 ended the controversy,<ref>''Philip I of France and Bertrade'', ''Dissolving Royal Marriages: A Documentary History, 860–1600'', ed. David d'Avray, [[Cambridge University Press]], 2014, 47.</ref> although Bertrade remained active in attempting to see her sons succeed Philip instead of [[Louis VI of France]].<ref>[[Orderic Vitalis]].</ref>) Urban further authorised [[itinerant preacher]]s such as [[Robert of Arbrissel]] to spread the knowledge of Christian faith and promote the ideas of the reform movement, contributing to the mass phenomenon of spirituality at the end of the 11th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Annalena |title=From the Cloister to the State: Fontevraud and the Making of Bourbon France, 1642–1100 |date=2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781000436297 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zk85EAAAQBAJ |page=42 |access-date=6 March 2023}}.</ref>