Editing Pope Pius IX (section)

==Papacy==
Cardinal Mastai Ferretti entered the papacy in 1846, amidst widespread expectations that he would be a champion of reform and modernization in the Papal States, which he ruled directly, and in the entire Catholic Church. Admirers wanted him to lead the battle for Italian independence.  His later turn toward profound conservatism shocked and dismayed his original supporters, while surprising and delighting the conservative old guard.<ref>David I. Kertzer, ''The Pope Who Would Be King: The Exile of Pius IX and the Emergence of Modern Europe'' (2018) p. xx.</ref>

=== Centralization of the church ===
[[File:Pio IX e Francesco II di Borbone ad Anzio.jpg|thumb|Pius IX in audience with King [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies]] in 1862<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frances II of Naples, having fled from the fortress of Gaeta, is...|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/frances-ii-of-naples-having-fled-from-the-fortress-of-gaeta-news-photo/613492916|access-date=4 November 2021|website=Getty Images|date=7 October 2016 |language=en-gb}}</ref>]]

The most notable event in Pius IX's long pontificate was the end of the [[Papal States]], which lay in the middle of the "Italian boot" around the central area of [[Rome]]. In contrast, he led the worldwide Church toward an ever-increasing centralization and consolidation of power in Rome and the papacy. More than his predecessors, Pius used the papal pulpit to address the bishops of the world. The [[First Vatican Council]] (1869–1870), which he convened to consolidate papal authority further, was considered a milestone not only in his pontificate but also in ecclesiastical history through its defining of the dogma of [[papal infallibility]].{{sfn|Franzen|Bäumer|1988|p=363}}

=== Dispute with the Melkite Greek Catholic Church ===
After the [[First Vatican Council]] concluded, an emissary of the Roman Curia was dispatched to secure the signatures of Patriarch [[Gregory II Youssef]] and the rest of the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] delegation who had voted ''non placet'' at the general congregation and left Rome prior to the adoption of the dogmatic constitution ''[[Pastor aeternus]]'' on [[papal infallibility]]. Gregory and the Melkite bishops ultimately subscribed to it, but added the qualifying clause used at the [[Council of Florence]]: "except the rights and privileges of Eastern patriarchs."<ref>Zoghby (1998), p. 83</ref> This earned Gregory the enmity of Pius IX; during his next visit to the [[pontiff]], before leaving Rome, when Gregory was kneeling, Pius placed his knee on the patriarch's shoulder, just saying to him: ''Testa dura!'' (''You obstinate man!'').<ref>Parry (1999), p. 313. See also the account given by Zoghby (1998), p. 83</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=La Civita|first=Michael J.L.|date=March 2006|title=Profiles of the Eastern Churches: The Melkite Greek Catholic Church|journal=ONE Magazine|publisher=CNEWA (Catholic Near East Welfare Association)|volume=32|issue=2|url=http://www.cnewa.org/mag-article-bodypg-us.aspx?articleID=3215|access-date=13 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014042008/http://www.cnewa.org/mag-article-bodypg-us.aspx?articleID=3215|archive-date=14 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> In spite of this event, Gregory and the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]] remained committed to their union with the Holy See.

=== Ecclesiastical rights ===
{{Integralism |expanded=people}}
[[File:Italy in the nineteenth century and the making of Austria-Hungary and Germany (1898) (14782675065).jpg|thumb|Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli, Pius IX's Secretary of State]]
The ecclesiastical policies of Pius IX were dominated by defence of the rights of the church and the free exercise of religion for Catholics in countries such as [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. He also fought against what he perceived to be anti-Catholic philosophies in countries such as [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[German Empire|Germany]], and [[French Third Republic|France]]. The German Empire sought to [[Kulturkampf|restrict and weaken the Church]] for a decade after the [[Franco-Prussian War]].{{sfn|Carroll|2001|pp=479–494}}

=== Jubilees ===
Pius IX celebrated several jubilees including the 300th anniversary of the [[Council of Trent]]. Pius celebrated the 1,800th anniversary of the martyrdom of the [[Apostle Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul]] on 29 June 1867 with 512 bishops, 20,000 priests and 140,000 lay persons in Rome.{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|p=294}} A large gathering was organized in 1871 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of his papacy. Though the Italian government in 1870 outlawed many popular pilgrimages, the faithful of [[Bologna]] organized a nationwide "spiritual pilgrimage" to the pope and the tombs of the apostles in 1873.{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|p=297}} In 1875, Pius declared a [[Holy Year]] that was celebrated throughout the Catholic world. On the 50th anniversary of his episcopal consecration, people from all parts of the world came to see the old pontiff from 30 April 1877 to 15 June 1877. He was a bit shy, but he valued initiative within the church and created several new titles, rewards, and orders to elevate those who in his view deserved merit.{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|p=299}}

=== Consistories ===
{{Main|Cardinals created by Pius IX}}
Pius IX created 122 new cardinals, of whom 64 were alive at his death; at the time membership in the [[College of Cardinals]] was limited to 70. Noteworthy elevations included Vincenzo Pecci (his eventual successor [[Leo XIII]]); [[Nicholas Wiseman]] of Westminster; the convert [[Henry Edward Manning]]; and [[John McCloskey]], the first American cardinal.{{sfn|Franzen|Bäumer|1988|p=364}}

According to Bishop Cipriano Calderón, the pope intended to make the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Morelia|Bishop of Michoacán]], [[Juan Cayetano Gómez de Portugal y Solís]], a cardinal in 1850 and even had Cardinal [[Giacomo Antonelli]] send a letter to him to express his intentions. He would have been the first Latin American cardinal had he not died before the next consistory. According to the [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] monk Guy-Marie Oury, a letter addressed by [[Prosper Guéranger]] to his Benedictine colleague Léandre Fonteinne on 6 March 1856 indicated that Guéranger had learned that Pius IX wanted to name him a cardinal in November 1855, but he refused the honor because he did not want to live in Rome. As a result, Pius IX made the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes|Bishop of La Rochelle]] Clément Villecourt a cardinal instead.<ref name=HRC>{{cite web|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xix.htm#GregoryXVI|title=Pius IX (1846-1878)|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|date=|author=Salvador Miranda|accessdate=20 February 2022}}</ref>

On 22 August 1861, the pope informed the [[Patriarch of Venice]] [[Angelo Ramazzotti]] that he would name him a cardinal, however, Ramazzoti died three days before the consistory. Also in 1861, the [[Roman Rota|dean of the Sacred Rota]] Ignazio Alberghini declined the pope's offer of nomination into the Sacred College. In December 1863, Pius IX intended to elevate the [[List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland|Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznań]] [[Leon Michał Przyłuski]] to the cardinalate, but he died before the consistory took place. In 1866, Pius IX wanted to nominate a [[Barnabites|Barnabite]] to the College of Cardinals before he opened the First Vatican Council. While the pope originally decided on appointing [[Carlo Vercellone]], a noted biblical scholar, Vercellone refused due to his precarious health, instead proposing that Pius IX instead nominate [[Luigi Bilio]]. In 1868, Pius IX nominated Andre Pila to the cardinalate, however, he died the day before he would have been elevated as the only person for elevation in that April consistory. Also in 1868, Pius IX offered the cardinalate to the Bishop of Concepción [[José Hipólito Salas]] whom he had met during the First Vatican Council, inviting him to join the Roman Curia. However, the bishop preferred to live in Chile and declined the offer, while Pius IX did not offer it again in the future.<ref name=HRC/>

In 1875, Pius IX intended to nominate the papal [[almoner]] [[Xavier de Mérode]] to the Sacred College, however, he died just eight months before the consistory was to be held. Pius IX also decided to nominate {{ill|Augusto Negroni|pl}}, a longtime Curial official, but he declined and instead joined the [[Society of Jesus]] in mid-1874.<ref name=HRC/>

=== Canonizations and beatifications ===
Pope Pius IX [[Canonization|canonized]] 52 saints during his pontificate. He canonized notable saints such as the [[Martyrs of Japan]] (8 June 1862), [[Josaphat Kuntsevych]] (29 June 1867), and [[Nicholas Pieck]] (29 June 1867). Pius IX further [[Beatification|beatified]] 222 individuals throughout his papacy, including the likes of [[Benedict Joseph Labre]], [[Peter Claver]], and his two predecessors [[Pope Eugene III]] and [[Pope Urban V]].

=== Doctors of the Church ===
Pius IX named three new [[Doctors of the Church]]: [[Hilary of Poitiers]] (13 May 1851, naming him "{{lang|la|Doctor divinitatem Christi}}" or "Doctor of the Divinity of Christ"), [[Alphonsus Liguori]] (23 March 1871, naming him "{{lang|la|Doctor zelantissimus}}" or "Most Zealous Doctor"), and [[Francis de Sales]] (19 July 1877, naming him "{{lang|la|Doctor caritatis}}" or "Doctor of Charity").