Editing Pope Paul V (section)

==Papacy==

===Election===
{{main|May 1605 papal conclave}}
When [[Pope Leo XI]] died, 1605, Cardinal Borghese became pope over a number of candidates including [[Caesar Baronius]] and [[Robert Bellarmine]]; his neutrality in the factional times made him an ideal compromise candidate.<ref>Baumgartner, Frederic J., ''Behind Locked Doors'', (2003) Palgrave Macmillan, p. 141</ref> 

In character he was very stern and unyielding, a lawyer rather than diplomat, who defended the privileges of the Church to his utmost. His first act was to send home to their [[diocese|see]]s the bishops who were sojourning in Rome, for the [[Council of Trent]] had insisted that every bishop reside in his diocese.<ref name=Loughlin/>

{{Infobox popestyles|
|image      = C o a Paulus V.svg
|dipstyle   = His Holiness
|offstyle   = Your Holiness
|relstyle   = Holy Father
|deathstyle = None
}}

===Theology===
Paul met with [[Galileo Galilei]] in 1616 after Cardinal Bellarmine had, on his orders, warned Galileo not to hold or defend the [[Heliocentrism|heliocentric]] ideas of [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]. Whether there was also an order not to teach those ideas in any way has been a matter for controversy. A letter from Bellarmine to Galileo states only the injunction that the heliocentric ideas could not be defended or held; this letter was written expressly to enable Galileo to defend himself against rumors concerning what had happened in the meeting with Bellarmine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|date=December 2016|title=Galileo's Non-Trial (1616), Pre-Trial (1632–1633), and Trial (May 10, 1633): A Review of Procedure, Featuring Routine Violations of the Forum of Conscience|journal=Church History|language=en|volume=85|issue=4|pages=724–761|doi=10.1017/S0009640716001190|issn=0009-6407|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 1618, a ''Decreto de Nuestro Sanctissimo Padre el Papa Paulo V. en favor dela Immaculada Concepción dela Sanctissima Virgen Madre de Dios y Señora Nuestra'' (Decree of our most holy father Pope Paul V in favor of the Immaculate Conception of the blessed Virgin Mary,..) was published in Lima, Peru.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666918 "Decree of Our Most Holy Father Pope Paul V in Favor of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of God", LOC]</ref> 

===Canonisations and beatifications===
Paul V canonised [[Charles Borromeo]] on 1 November 1610<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03619a.htm Keogh, William. "St. Charles Borromeo." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 15 January 2023 {{PD-notice}}</ref> and [[Frances of Rome]] on 29 May 1608. He also canonized Pompejanus in 1615 and canonized Cardinal [[Albert de Louvain]] on 9 August 1621.

He also beatified a number of individuals which included [[Ignatius Loyola]] (27 July 1609), [[Philip Neri]] (11 May 1615), [[Teresa of Avila]] (24 April 1614), [[Aloysius Gonzaga]] (10 October 1605), and [[Francis Xavier]] (25 October 1619).

===Consistories===
{{main|Cardinals created by Paul V}}
The pope created 60 cardinals in ten consistories held during his pontificate. He named his nephew [[Scipione Borghese]] as a cardinal (continuing the trend of nepotism) and also named Alessandro Ludovisi, who would become his immediate successor, [[Pope Gregory XV]], as a cardinal.

===Foreign relations===
[[File:0 Armoiries Paul V - Mosaïque dôme St-Pierre - Vatican.JPG|thumb|Mosaic depicting the arms of [[:w:Paulus V|Pope Paulus V (Camillo Borghese)]]]]

====Ecclesiastical jurisdiction====
{{Main|Venetian Interdict}}
Paul's insistence of ecclesiastical jurisdiction led to a number of quarrels between the Church and the secular governments of various states, notably [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], where patricians, such as Ermolao Barbaro (1548–1622) of the noble [[Barbaro family]], argued in favor of the exemption of the clergy from the jurisdiction of the civil courts. Venice passed two laws obnoxious to Paul, one forbidding the alienation of real estate in favour of the clergy, the second demanding approval of the civil power for the building of new churches.<ref name=Loughlin/> Two priests charged by the Venetian state with cruelty, wholesale poisoning, murder and licentiousness, were arrested by the [[Venetian Senate]] and put in dungeons for trial. Having been found guilty, they were committed to prison.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Paul V insisted that they be released to the Church.  He demanded the release of the priests as not being amenable to the secular law. When this was refused, the Pope threatened an [[interdict]] on account of the property laws and the imprisonment of ecclesiastics, which threat was presented to the Senate on Christmas 1605.  The Venetian position was ably defended by a canon lawyer, [[Paolo Sarpi]], who extended the matter to general principles defining separate secular and ecclesiastical spheres. In April 1606 the Pope [[excommunication|excommunicated]] the entire government of Venice and placed an [[Venetian Interdict|interdict]] on the city.  Father Sarpi strongly advised the Venetian government to refuse to receive the Pope's interdict, and to reason with him while opposing force by force. The Venetian Senate willingly accepted this advice and Fra Paolo presented the case to Paul V, urging from history that the Pope's claim to intermeddle in civil matters was a usurpation; and that in these matters the Republic of Venice recognized no authority but that of God. The rest of the Catholic clergy sided with the city, with the exception of the [[Jesuits]], the [[Theatines]], and the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]]. The dissenting clergy were forthwith expelled from Venetian territories. [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]es continued to be said in Venice, and the feast of [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] was celebrated with displays of public pomp and "magnificence", in defiance of the Pope. Within a year (March 1607) the disagreement was mediated by [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]]. The Most Serene Republic refused to retract the laws, but asserted that Venice would conduct herself "with her ''accustomed piety''."  The Jesuits, which Venice considered subversive Papal agents, remained banned. No more could be expected. Paul withdrew his censure.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

The Venetian Republic rewarded Fra Paulo Sarpi, its successful canon lawyer, with the distinction of state counsellor in jurisprudence and the liberty of access to the state archives, which infuriated Pope Paul.  In September 1607, after unsuccessfully attempting to lure Father Sarpi to Rome, the Pope responded by putting out a contract on his life.<ref>Watson, J. Henry, ''The History of Fra Paolo Sarpi'', New York: La Croce (1911)</ref>  Father Sarpi was the target of at least two assassination plots in September and October. Stabbed three times with a [[stiletto]],<ref>Whitfield, John Humphreys and  Woodhouse, John Robert. ''A Short History of Italian Literature'', Manchester University Press, 1980, p. 187</ref> Fra Sarpi somehow managed to recover, while the assassins found refuge in the Papal States.<ref>Robertson, Alexander, ''Fra Paolo Sarpi: the Greatest of the Venetians'', London: Sampson, Low, Marston & Co. (1893), pp. 114–117</ref>

====Relations with England====
Paul V's hard-edged Catholic diplomacy cut the ground from under moderate [[Catholics]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]]. His letter of 9 July 1606 to congratulate [[James I of England|James I]] on his accession to the throne was three years late and seemed to English eyes merely a preamble to what followed, and his reference to the [[Gunpowder Plot]], made against the life of the monarch and all the members of [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] the previous November, was unfortunate for the Papal cause, for Papal agents were considered by the English to have been involved (the effigy of Pope Paul V is still burnt every year during the [[Lewes Bonfire]] celebrations). However, the Pope in that letter pleaded with James not to make the innocent Catholics suffer for the crime of a few, and Paul V also promised to exhort all the Catholics of the realm to be submissive and loyal to their sovereign—in all things not opposed to the honour of God. The [[Oath of Allegiance (1606)|oath of allegiance]] James demanded of his subjects, however contained clauses to which no 17th-century Catholic could in conscience subscribe: the oath of allegiance was solemnly condemned in a brief published a matter of weeks later (22 September 1606, extended 23 August 1607). This condemnation served only to divide English Catholics. The other irritant (to the papacy) in English relations was Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to the English archpriest [[George Blackwell (priest)|George Blackwell]], reproaching him for having taken the oath of allegiance in apparent disregard of his duty to the Pope. The letter received enough circulation to be referred to in one of James's theological essays (1608), and Bellarmine was soon fencing in a pamphlet exchange with the king of England.
[[File:0 Basilique Saint-Pierre - Rome (2).JPG|thumb|right|300px|Facade of St. Peter's Basilica]]

====Relations with Japan====
[[File:San Juan Batista.jpg|thumb|left|Pope Paul V welcoming the embassy of the Japanese samurai [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]] in [[Rome]] in 1615.<br> Japanese painting, 17th century.]]
In November 1615, Paul V welcomed the embassy of the Japanese samurai [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]] in [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Louis-Frédéric |last=Nussbaum |first= Louis-Frédéric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA412 |page=412 |title=Japan Encyclopedia |isbn=9780674017535 |year=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref>

Hasekura gave the Pope a letter (from [[Date Masamune]]) which requested a trade treaty between Japan and [[New Spain]].  The letter also asked for Christian missionaries to be sent to Japan. The Pope agreed to the dispatch of missionaries, but left the decision for trade to the [[King of Spain]].

[[File:Emanuele Ne Vunda Sala dei Corazzieri Palazzo Ducale.jpg|thumb|upright|Painting of [[Emanuele Ne Vunda]], ambassador from [[Alvaro II]] to Pope Paul V in 1604–1608, Sala dei Corazzieri, [[Qurinal Palace]], [[Rome]], 1615–1616.]]

===Constructions===
In Rome, the pope financed the completion of [[St. Peter's Basilica]]; this is noted in the Latin inscription across the facade of the Basilica, ''IN HONOREM PRINCIPIS APOST. PAULUS V BURGHESIUS ROMANUS PONT. MAX. AN. MDCXII PONT VII'' ("In honour of the Prince of the Apostles Paul V Borghese, Supreme Roman Pontiff, in the year 1612, the 7th year of his pontificate"). He also improved the [[Vatican Library]], separating out the [[Vatican Apostolic Archive]]s. He restored the [[Aqua Traiana]], an ancient [[Roman aqueduct]] (named after him ''[[Acqua Paola]]''), bringing water to the [[rione|rioni]] located on right bank of the [[Tiber]] ([[Trastevere]] and [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]]) using materials from his demolition of the [[Forum of Nerva]]. He had always encouraged [[Guido Reni]]. Like many Popes of the time he was also allegedly guilty of [[nepotism]], and his nephew [[Scipione Borghese]] wielded enormous power on his behalf, consolidating the rise of the Borghese family.

Paul V also established the [[Bank of the Holy Spirit]] in 1605.

===Death===
Paul V died on 28 January 1621 of a [[stroke]] in the [[Quirinal Palace]] and was succeeded as pope by [[Pope Gregory XV]]. The pope had been ill for more than three months following a series of strokes, and died six hours following his last stroke the morning of his death. He was interred in the basilica of [[Santa Maria Maggiore]].

===Episcopal succession===
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width=75% align="center"
|-
! style="background:#F5DEB3"|  <small>Episcopal succession of Pope Paul V</small>
|-
|
While bishop, he was the [[principal consecrator]] of:<ref name=CathHierCamBorg>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bborc.html "Bishop Pope Paul V – Camillo Borghese"] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved June 294, 2017</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Valeriano Muti]], [[Bishop of Bitetto]] (1599);
* [[Marco Agrippa Dandini]], [[Bishop of Jesi]] (1599);
* [[Sebastiano Ghislieri]], [[Bishop of Strongoli]] (1601);
* [[Peter Lombard (archbishop of Armagh)|Peter Lombard]], [[Archbishop of Armagh]] (1601);
* [[Alessandro Petrucci]], [[Bishop of Massa Marittima]] (1602);
* [[Fausto Malari]] (Molari, Mellari), [[Bishop of Chiusi]] (1602);
* [[Simone Lunadori]], [[Bishop of Nocera de' Pagani]] (1602);
* [[Giovanni Giovenale Ancina]], [[Bishop of Saluzzo]] (1602);
* [[Fabrizio Campani]] (Capanus), [[Bishop of Ferentino]] (1603);
* [[Pirro Imperoli]], [[Bishop of Jesi]] (1604);
* [[Taddeo Sarti]], [[Bishop of Nepi e Sutri]] (1604);
* [[Giuseppe Saladino]], [[Bishop of Siracusa]] (1604);
* [[Alessandro di Sangro]], [[Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria|Titular Patriarch of Alexandria]] (1604);
* [[Ascanio Colonna]], [[Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina]] (1606);
* [[Marcello Lante della Rovere]], [[Bishop of Todi]] (1607);
* [[Pompeio Arrigoni]], [[Archbishop of Benevento]] (1607);
* [[Anselmo Marzato]], [[Archbishop of Chieti]] (1607);
* [[Giovanni Doria (bishop)|Giovanni Doria]] (Giannettino), [[Titular Archbishop]] of ''Thessalonica'' (1608);
* [[Francesco Vendramin]], [[Patriarch of Venice]] (1608);
* [[Lanfranco Margotti]], [[Bishop of Viterbo e Tuscania]] (1609);
* [[Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese]], [[Archbishop of Bologna]] (1610);
* [[Felice Centini]], [[Bishop of Mileto]] (1611);
* [[Gregorio Petrocchini]], [[Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina]] (1611);
* [[Benedetto Giustiniani]], [[Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina]] (1612);
* [[Agostino Galamini]], [[Bishop of Recanati e Loreto]] (1613);
* [[Francesco Maria Bourbon Del Monte Santa Maria]], [[Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina]] (1615);
* [[Ferdinando Taverna]], [[Bishop of Novara]] (1615);
* [[Francesco Sforza]], [[Cardinal-Bishop of Albano]] (1618);
* [[Alessandro Damasceni Peretti]], [[Cardinal-Bishop of Albano]] (1620);
}}

and the [[principal co-consecrator]] of:<ref name=CathHierCamBorg />

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Franz Seraph von Dietrichstein]], [[Archbishop of Olomouc]] (1599);
* [[Fernando Niño de Guevara]], [[Titular Archbishop]] of ''Philippi'' (1599);
* [[Pedro de Deza Manuel]], [[Cardinal-Bishop of Albano]] (1600);
* [[Paolo Emilio Zacchia]], [[Bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone]] (1601);
* [[Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino]], [[Archbishop of Capua]] (1602);
* [[Bonviso Bonvisi]], [[Archbishop of Bari-Canosa]] (1602); and
* [[Simeone Tagliavia d'Aragonia]], [[Cardinal-Bishop of Albano]] (1602).
}}
|}