Editing Pope Leo X (section)

==Pope==
===Papal election===
{{Main|1513 papal conclave}}
Giovanni was [[1513 papal conclave|elected pope]] on 9 March 1513, and this was proclaimed two days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1489.htm#Medici|title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Biographical Dictionary – Consistory of March 9, 1489|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121094401/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1489.htm#Medici|url-status=dead}}</ref> The absence of the French cardinals effectively reduced the election to a contest between Giovanni (who had the support of the younger and noble members of the college) and [[Raffaele Riario]] (who had the support of the older group). On 15 March 1513, he was ordained priest, and consecrated as bishop on 17 March. He was crowned pope on 19 March 1513 at the age of 37. He was the last non-priest to be elected pope.{{sfn|Löffler|1910}}

[[File:Portrait of Pope Leo X and his cousins, cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi (by Raphael).jpg|thumb|270px|[[Raphael]]'s ''[[Portrait of Leo X (Raphael)|Portrait of Leo X]]'' with cardinals Giulio de' Medici (later [[Pope Clement VII]]) and [[Luigi de' Rossi]], his first cousins, ([[Uffizi|Uffizi gallery]], Florence){{sfn|Minnich|Raphael|2003|pp=1005–1052}}]]

===War of Urbino===
{{Main|War of Urbino}}
Leo had intended his younger brother Giuliano and his nephew [[Lorenzo II de' Medici|Lorenzo]] for brilliant secular careers. He had named them Roman [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|patricians]]; the latter he had placed in charge of Florence; the former, for whom he planned to carve out a kingdom in central Italy of Parma, Piacenza, [[Ferrara]] and Urbino, he had taken with himself to Rome and married to Filiberta of Savoy.{{sfn|Tomas|2017|p=13}}

The death of Giuliano in March 1516, however, caused the pope to transfer his ambitions to Lorenzo. At the very time (December 1516) that peace between France, [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]], [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and the [[Habsburg monarchy]] seemed to give some promise of a [[Christendom]] united against the Turks, Leo obtained 150,000 ducats towards the expenses of the expedition from [[Henry VIII of England]], in return for which he entered the imperial league of Spain and [[Kingdom of England|England]] against France.<ref name=Chisholm1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Leo (popes)/Leo X |display=Leo (popes) § Leo X |volume=16|inline=1}}</ref>

The war lasted from February to September 1517 and ended with the expulsion of the duke and the triumph of Lorenzo; but it revived the policy of Alexander VI, increased [[brigandage]] and anarchy in the [[Papal States]], hindered the preparations for a crusade and wrecked the papal finances. [[Francesco Guicciardini]] reckoned the cost of the war to Leo at the sum of 800,000 ducats. Ultimately, however, Lorenzo was confirmed as the new duke of Urbino.<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

===Plans for a crusade===
The War of Urbino was further marked by a crisis in the relations between the pope and the cardinals. The sacred college had allegedly grown very worldly and troublesome since the time of [[Sixtus IV]], and Leo took advantage of a plot by several of its members to poison him, not only to inflict exemplary punishments by executing one ([[Alfonso Petrucci]]) and imprisoning several others, but also to make radical changes in the college.<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

On 3 July 1517, he published the names of thirty-one new cardinals, a number almost unprecedented in the history of the [[papacy]]. Among the nominations were such notable men such as [[Lorenzo Campeggio]], [[Giovanni Battista Pallavicino]], [[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian of Utrecht]], [[Thomas Cajetan]], [[Cristoforo Numai]] and [[Egidio Canisio]]. The naming of seven members of prominent Roman families, however, reversed the policy of his predecessor which had kept the political factions of the city out of the Curia. Other promotions were for political or family considerations or to secure money for the war against Urbino. The pope was accused of having exaggerated the conspiracy of the cardinals for purposes of financial gain, but most of such accusations appear unsubstantiated.<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

Leo, meanwhile, felt the need of staying the advance of the Ottoman [[sultan]], [[Selim I]], who was threatening eastern [[Europe]], and made elaborate plans for a crusade. A truce was to be proclaimed throughout Christendom; the pope was to be the arbiter of disputes; the emperor and the king of France were to lead the army; England, Spain and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] were to furnish the fleet; and the combined forces were to be directed against [[Constantinople]]. Papal [[diplomacy]] in the interests of peace failed, however; Cardinal [[Thomas Wolsey]] made England, not the pope, the arbiter between France and the Empire; and much of the money collected for the crusade from tithes and indulgences was spent in other ways.<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

In 1519 [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] concluded a three years' truce with Selim I, but the succeeding sultan, [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], renewed the war in June 1521 and on 28 August captured the citadel of [[Siege of Belgrade (1521)|Belgrade]]. The pope was greatly alarmed, and although he was then involved in war with France he sent about 30,000 ducats to the Hungarians. Leo treated the [[Eastern Catholic]] Greeks with great loyalty, and by a bull of 18 May 1521 forbade [[Latin]] clergy to celebrate mass in Greek churches and Latin [[bishops]] to ordain Greek clergy. These provisions were later strengthened by Clement VII and [[Paul III]] and went far to settle the constant disputes between the Latins and Uniate Greeks.<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

===Protestant Reformation===
{{Main|History of Lutheranism#The start of the Reformation}}
Leo was disturbed throughout his pontificate by schism, especially the [[Reformation]] sparked by [[Martin Luther]].<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

[[File:Bulla-contra-errores.jpg|thumb|250px|Bulla ''Contra errores Martini Lutheri'' of 1521]]
In response to concerns about misconduct from some [[indulgence]] preachers, in 1517 [[Martin Luther]] wrote his ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' on the topic of indulgences. The resulting pamphlet spread Luther's ideas throughout Germany and Europe. Leo failed to fully comprehend the importance of the movement, and in February 1518 he directed the vicar-general of the [[Augustinians]] to impose silence on his [[monk]]s.<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

On 24 May, Luther sent an explanation of his theses to the pope; on 7 August he was summoned to appear at Rome. An arrangement was effected, however, whereby that summons was cancelled, and Luther went instead to [[Augsburg]] in October 1518 to meet the papal legate, [[Cardinal Cajetan]]; but neither the arguments of the cardinal, nor Leo's dogmatic papal bull of 9 November requiring all Christians to believe in the pope's power to grant indulgences, moved Luther to retract. A year of fruitless negotiations followed, during which the controversy took popular root across the German states.<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

A further papal bull of 15 June 1520, ''[[Exsurge Domine]]'' or ''Arise, O Lord'', condemned forty-one propositions extracted from Luther's teachings, and was taken to Germany by [[Johann Eck]] in his capacity as apostolic [[nuncio]]. Leo followed by formally excommunicating Luther by the bull ''[[Decet Romanum Pontificem]]'' or ''It Befits the Roman Pontiff'', on 3 January 1521. In a brief, the Pope also directed [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] to take energetic measures against heresy.<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

Leo was pope during the [[Lutheranism#Spread into northern Europe|spread of Lutheranism into Scandinavia]]. The pope had repeatedly used the rich northern benefices to reward members of the Roman curia, and towards the close of the year 1516, he sent the impolitic [[Giovanni Angelo Arcimboldi]] as papal [[nuncio]] to [[Denmark]] to collect money for St Peter's. This led to the [[Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein#Reformation in Denmark|Reformation in Denmark]]. King [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]] took advantage of the growing dissatisfaction of the native clergy toward the papal government, and of Arcimboldi's interference in the Swedish revolt, to expel the nuncio and summon Lutheran theologians to [[Copenhagen]] in 1520. Christian approved a plan by which a formal state church should be established in Denmark, all appeals to Rome should be abolished, and the king and diet should have final jurisdiction in ecclesiastical causes. Leo sent a new nuncio to Copenhagen (1521) in the person of the Minorite Francesco de Potentia, who readily absolved the king and received the [[Diocese of Skara|bishopric of Skara]]. The pope or his legate, however, took no steps to correct abuses or otherwise discipline the Scandinavian churches.<ref name=Chisholm1911/>
[[File:Ara Coeli (12).JPG|thumb|left|Statue of Leo X in the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome]]

===Other activities===
====Consistories====
{{main|Cardinals created by Leo X}}
The pope created 42 new cardinals in eight consistories including two cousins (one who would become his successor Pope Clement VII) and a nephew. He also elevated [[Pope Adrian VI|Adriaan Florensz Boeyens]] into the cardinalate who would become his immediate successor Pope Adrian VI. Leo X's consistory of 1 July 1517 saw 31 cardinals created, and this remained the largest allocation of cardinals in one consistory until [[Pope John Paul II]] named 42 cardinals in 2001.

====Canonizations====
Pope Leo X canonized eleven individuals during his reign with seven of those being a group cause of martyrs. The most notable canonization from his papacy was that of [[Francis of Paola]] on 1 May 1519.

===Final years===
That Leo did not do more to check the anti-papal rebellion in Germany and Scandinavia is to be partially explained by the political complications of the time, and by his own preoccupation with papal and Medicean politics in Italy. The death of the Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]] in 1519 had seriously affected the situation. Leo vacillated between the [[1519 imperial election|powerful candidates]] for the succession, allowing it to appear at first that he favoured Francis or a minor German prince. He finally accepted [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles of Spain]] as inevitable.<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

Leo was now eager to unite [[Duchy of Ferrara|Ferrara]], Parma and Piacenza to the Papal States. An attempt late in 1519 to seize Ferrara failed, and the pope recognized the need for foreign aid. In May 1521 a treaty of alliance was signed at Rome between him and the emperor. [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] were to be taken from France and restored to the Empire, and [[Parma]] and [[Piacenza]] were to be given to the Church on the expulsion of the French. The expense of enlisting 10,000 Swiss was to be borne equally by Pope and emperor. Charles V took Florence and the Medici family under his protection and promised to punish all enemies of the Catholic faith. Leo agreed to invest Charles V with the [[Kingdom of Naples]], to crown him [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and to aid in a war against Venice. It was provided that England and the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss]] might also join the league. Henry VIII announced his adherence in August 1521. [[Francis I of France]] had already begun war with Charles V in [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]], and in Italy, too, the French made the first hostile movement on 23 June 1521. Leo at once announced that he would excommunicate the king of France and release his subjects from their allegiance unless Francis I laid down his arms and surrendered Parma and Piacenza to the Church. The pope lived to hear the joyful news of the capture of Milan from the French and of the occupation by papal troops of the long-coveted provinces (November 1521).<ref name=Chisholm1911/>

Having fallen ill with [[bronchopneumonia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palazzo-medici.it/mediateca/en/Scheda_Leone_X|title=Leo X, Pope (1475–1521)|publisher=Mediateca di Palazzo Medici Riccardi|language=it|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407104828/http://www.palazzo-medici.it/mediateca/en/Scheda_Leone_X|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Pope Leo X died on 1 December 1521, so suddenly that the last sacraments could not be administered; but the contemporary suspicions of poison were unfounded. He was buried in [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]].<ref name=Chisholm1911/>