Editing Pope Leo IX (section)

===Theology===
[[File:Pope Leo IX, Charter, 1051.jpg|thumb|upright|left|1051 charter of Leo IX]]
Leo IX favoured celibacy for the clergy in his reformation of the Catholic Church. One of his first public acts was to hold the well-known Easter synod of 1049, at which celibacy of the clergy (down to the rank of [[subdeacon]]) was required anew. Also, the Easter synod was where the pope at least succeeded in making clear his own convictions against every kind of [[simony]]. The greater part of the year that followed was occupied by one of those progresses through Italy, Germany and France which form a marked feature in Leo IX's pontificate. After presiding over a synod at [[Pavia]], he joined Henry III in Saxony and accompanied him to [[Cologne]] and [[Aachen]]. He also summoned a meeting of the higher clergy in [[Reims]] in which several important reforming decrees were passed. At [[Mainz]] he held a council at which the Italian and French as well as the German clergy were represented, and ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor were present. Here too, simony and the marriage of the clergy were the principal matters dealt with.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

After his return to Rome, Leo held another [[Easter]] synod on 29 April 1050. It was occupied largely with the controversy about the teachings of [[Berengar of Tours]]. In the same year he presided over provincial synods at [[Salerno]], [[Siponto]] and [[Vercelli]], and in September revisited his native Germany, returning to Rome in time for a third Easter synod at which the question of the [[reordination]] of those who had been ordained by simonists was considered. In 1052 he joined the emperor at [[Pressburg]] and vainly sought to secure the submission of the [[Hungarians]]. At [[Regensburg]], [[Bamberg]] and [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], the papal presence was celebrated with various ecclesiastical solemnities. In early 1053, Leo arbitrated a dispute between the [[Archdiocese of Carthage|archbishop of Carthage]] and the bishop of [[Gummi in Byzacena|Gummi]] over ecclesiastical precedence.{{sfn|Lower|2014|p=614}}