Editing Pope Julius II (section)

==Cardinalate==

[[File:JuliuIIcoin.jpg|thumb|Giuliano della Rovere (left, future Julius II), and Julius II's nephew, [[Clemente Grosso della Rovere|Clemente della Rovere]] (right), who safeguarded Giuliano's affairs while he fled to France following a dispute with Alexander VI]]

[[File:Melozzo da forlì, Sisto IV nomina Bartolomeo Platina Prefetto della Biblioteca Vaticana, 1477 ca. 02 (cropped2).JPG|thumb|Giuliano della Rovere, as cardinal (left), with his uncle and patron Francesco della Rovere, Pope Sixtus IV (right)]]

After his uncle was elected [[Pope Sixtus IV]] on 10 August 1471,{{sfn|Eubel|1914|p=15}} Giuliano was appointed [[Ancient Diocese of Carpentras|Bishop of Carpentras]] in the [[Comtat Venaissin]] on 16 October 1471.{{sfn|Eubel|1914|p=119}} In an act of overt [[nepotism]] he was immediately raised to the [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalate]] on 16 December 1471, and assigned the same [[titular church]] as that formerly held by his uncle, [[San Pietro in Vincoli]].{{sfn|Eubel|1914|p=16}} Guilty of serial [[simony]] and [[Pluralities|pluralism]], he held several powerful offices at once: in addition to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Avignon|archbishopric of Avignon]] he held no fewer than eight bishoprics, including [[Bishop of Lausanne|Lausanne]] from 1472, [[Bishop of Coutances and Avranches|Coutances]] (1476–1477), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Catania|Catania]] (1473–1474).{{sfn|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 16 n. 2}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George L. |date=2004 |title=Papal Genealogy |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0786420711 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&q=pope+julius+ii&pg=PA54}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |date=2011 |title=Absolute Monarchs: A History of the Papacy |publisher=Random House |page=301 }}</ref>

In 1474, Giuliano led an army to [[Todi]], [[Spoleto]], and [[Città di Castello]] as papal legate. He returned to [[Rome]] in May in the company of Duke [[Federigo of Urbino]], who promised his daughter in marriage to Giuliano's brother Giovanni, who was subsequently named Lord of [[Senigallia]] and of [[Mondovì]].{{sfn|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.1, pp. 253–254}} On 22 December 1475, Pope Sixtus IV created the new Archdiocese of Avignon, assigning to it as suffragan dioceses the Sees of Vaison, Cavaillon, and Carpentras. He appointed Giuliano as the first archbishop. Giuliano held the archdiocese until his later election to the papacy. In 1476 the office of Legate was added, and he left Rome for France in February. On 22 August 1476 he founded the ''Collegium de Ruvere'' in [[Avignon]]. He returned to Rome on 4 October 1476.<ref>Denis de Sainte-Marthe, ''Gallia Christiana'' I (Paris 1715), p. 829.<br>{{harvnb|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 39 n. 351; p. 40 n. 355.}}</ref>

In 1479, Cardinal Giuliano served his one-year term as Chamberlain of the [[College of Cardinals]]. In this office he was responsible for collecting all the revenues owed to the cardinals as a group (from ''[[Quinquennial visit ad limina|ad limina]]'' visits, for example) and for the proper disbursements of appropriate shares to cardinals who were in service in the Roman Curia.{{sfn|Eubel|1914|pp=57–59}}

Giuliano was again named Papal Legate to France on 28 April 1480, and left Rome on 9 June. As Legate, his mission was threefold: to make peace between King [[Louis XI]] and the Archduke [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian of Austria]]; to raise funds for a war against the Ottoman Turks; and to negotiate the release of Cardinal [[Jean Balue#Imprisoned|Jean Balue]] and Bishop Guillaume d'Harancourt (who by then had been imprisoned by Louis for eleven years on charges of treason). He reached Paris in September, and finally, on 20 December 1480, Louis gave orders that Balue be handed over to the Archpriest of Loudun, who had been commissioned by the Legate to receive him in the name of the Pope.{{sfn|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 43 nn. 423, 426}} He returned to Rome on 3 February 1482.{{sfn|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 44 n. 454}} Shortly thereafter the sum of 300,000 ecus of gold was received from the French in a subsidy of the war.{{sfn|Dumesnil|1873|loc=pp. 10–11 (with a defective chronology)}}

On 31 January 1483 Cardinal della Rovere was promoted suburbicarian [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia|Bishop of Ostia]], in succession to Cardinal [[Guillaume d'Estouteville]] who had died on 22 January.{{sfn|Eubel|1914|p=60}} It was the privilege of the Bishop of Ostia to consecrate an elected pope a bishop, if he were not already a bishop. This actually occurred in the case of [[Pius III]] (Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini), who was ordained a priest on 30 September 1503 and consecrated a bishop on 1 October 1503 by Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere.{{sfn|Burchard|1885|loc=III, pp. 280–281}}

Around this time, in 1483, an illegitimate daughter was born, [[Felice della Rovere]].{{sfn|Murphy|2005|loc=pp. xv, 11}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Kellogg, Otis Day |editor2=Baynes, Spencer |editor3=Smith, W. Robertson |date= 1898 |title=Julius II |encyclopedia=The Encyclopædia Britannica |volume=XIII |location=New York City |publisher=The Werner Company |page=771 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hY3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA771}}</ref>

On 3 November 1483, Cardinal della Rovere was named [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bologna|Bishop of Bologna]] and Papal Legate, succeeding Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga, who had died on 21 October. He held the diocese until 1502.<ref>{{harvnb|Eubel|1914|loc=pp. 46 n. 486; p. 108}}.<br>{{harvnb|Dumesnil|1873|p=11}}.<br>{{cite book |author=Filippo Nerio Tomba |date=1788 |title=Serie cronologica de' Vescovi ed arcivescovi di Bologna |edition=second |location=Bologna |publisher=Longhi |language=it |pages=138–140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V68cB2ztCIAC&pg=PA138}}</ref> On 28 December 1484, Giuliano participated in the investiture of his brother Giovanni as Captain-General of the Papal Armies by [[Pope Innocent VIII]].{{sfn|Burchard|1883|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MNMDUhGaiDIC&pg=PA124 I, p. 124]}}

By 1484 Giuliano was living in the new palazzo which he had constructed next to the Basilica of the Twelve Apostles, which he had also restored. Pope Sixtus IV paid a formal visit to the newly restored building on 1 May 1482, and it may be that Giuliano was already in residence then.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugène Müntz|title=Les arts à la cour des papes pendant le XVe et le XVIe siècle: Sixte IV – Léon X. 1471–1521|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWZGAAAAMAAJ |date=1882 |publisher=Ernest Thorin|location=Paris|language=fr|pages=154–155}}</ref>

===War with Naples===

[[Sixtus IV]] died on 12 August 1484 and was succeeded by [[Innocent VIII]]. After the ceremonies of the election of Pope Innocent were completed, the cardinals were dismissed to their own homes, but Cardinal della Rovere accompanied the new Pope to the [[Vatican Palace]] and was the only one to remain with him. Ludwig Pastor quotes the Florentine ambassador as remarking, "[Pope Innocent] gives the impression of a man who is guided rather by the advice of others than by his own lights." The ambassador of [[Duchy of Ferrara|Ferrara]] stated, "While with his uncle [Della Rovere] had not the slightest influence, he now obtains whatever he likes from the new Pope."{{sfn|Pastor|1902|loc=V, p. 242}} Della Rovere was one of the five cardinals named to the committee to make the arrangements for the Coronation.{{sfn|Burchard|1883|loc=I, p. 75}}

In 1485 Pope Innocent and Cardinal della Rovere (as the Pope's new principal advisor) decided to involve themselves in the political affairs of the Kingdom of Naples, in what was called the ''[[Conspiracy of the Barons]]''.{{sfn|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.1, pp. 291–302}} On Palm Sunday, 20 March, Cardinal della Rovere, concealing his activities from his principal rival, Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later [[Pope Alexander VI]]), rode out of Rome and departed by sea from [[Ostia (Rome)|Ostia]], intending to head for Genoa and Avignon to prepare to wage war between the Church and the King of Naples, [[Ferdinand I of Naples|Ferdinand I]] (Ferrante).{{sfn|Burchard|1883|loc=I, p. 183. A note in the ''Acta Cameralia'' records that della Rovere returned to Rome on 12 September 1486: {{harvnb|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 49 n. 521}}}} On 28 June the Pope sent back to Naples the token gift of a [[palfrey]] which symbolized the King of Naples' submission and demanded the full feudal submission of the Kingdom of Naples to the Roman Church according to [[Chinea|long-standing tradition]]. In a second attempt to overthrow the Aragonese monarchy, the [[Prince of Salerno]] Antonello II di Sanseverino, on the advice of [[Antonello Petrucci]] and Francesco Coppola, gathered together several feudal families belonging to the Guelph faction and supporting the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] claim to Naples. Antonello de Sanseverino was the brother-in-law of Cardinal della Rovere's brother Giovanni, who was a noble of Naples because of his fief of Sora. The principal complaints of the barons were the heavy taxation imposed by Ferdinand to finance his war against the Ottomans, who had [[Ottoman conquest of Otranto|occupied Bari]] in 1480; and the vigorous efforts of Ferrante to centralize the administrative apparatus of the kingdom, moving it away from a feudal to a bureaucratic system. The barons seized [[L'Aquila]] and appealed to the Pope for assistance as their feudal overlord. Genoa and Venice supported the Papacy, while Florence and Milan opted for Naples. In Rome, the [[Orsini family]] allied themselves with Ferrante's son [[Alfonso II of Naples|Alfonso]], and therefore their rivals the [[Colonna family]] supported the Pope in the street fighting that ensued.{{sfn|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.1, p. 293}} Ferrante reacted by seizing the fiefs of the barons, and, when the two parties met to negotiate a settlement, Ferrante had them arrested, and eventually executed. The prestige of the della Rovere family was seriously damaged, and in an attempt to exculpate himself Pope Innocent began to withdraw his support for them. Peace was restored in 1487, but Innocent VIII's papacy was discredited.{{sfn|Creighton|1903|loc=IV, pp. 140–145}}

===Papal ambassador===
[[File:Raffael 092.jpg|thumb|Julius by [[Raphael]], in the ''[[The Mass at Bolsena|Mass at Bolsena]]'']]
On 23 March 1486, the pope sent Giuliano as Papal Legate to the Court of King [[Charles VIII of France]] to ask for help. A French entourage arrived in Rome on 31 May, but immediately relations broke down with the pro-Spanish Cardinal Borgia. But Ferrante's army decided the pope's humiliation, Innocent backed down and on 10 August signed a treaty. Innocent looked for new allies and settled on the Republic of Florence.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

On 2 March 1487, Giuliano was appointed legate in the [[March of Ancona]] and to the Republic of Venice. He encouraged trade with the sizable Turkish community at these ports. But urgent reports arrived from King [[Matthias Corvinus]] of Hungary that the Ottoman Sultan [[Bayezid II]] was threatening Italy. He returned on 8 April 1488, and again took up his residence in the [[Palazzo Colonna]] next to the [[Santi Apostoli, Rome|Basilica of the XII Apostles]].{{sfn|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 49 n. 523}}

===Conclave of 1492===
{{main|1492 papal conclave}}

In the Conclave of 1492, following the death of Innocent VIII, Cardinal della Rovere was supported for election by both King [[Charles VIII of France]] and by Charles' enemy King [[Ferdinand I of Naples|Ferrante of Naples]]. It was reported that France had deposited 200,000 ducats into a bank account to promote della Rovere's candidature, while the Republic of Genoa had deposited 100,000 ducats to the same end. Della Rovere, however, had enemies, both because of the influence he had exercised over Pope Sixtus IV and because of his French sympathies. His rivals included Cardinal Ardicio della Porta and Cardinal [[Ascanio Sforza]], both patronized by the Milanese.{{sfn|Pastor|1902|loc=V, pp. 378–381}} Kellogg, Baynes & Smith, continue, a "rivalry had, however, gradually grown up between [della Rovere] and [then-Cardinal] [[Pope Alexander VI|Rodrigo Borgia]], and on the death of [[Innocent VIII]] in 1492 Borgia by means of a secret agreement and simony with Ascanio Sforza succeeded in being elected by a large majority, under the name of Pope Alexander VI."{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Della Rovere, jealous and angry, hated Borgia for being elected over him.<ref>{{cite book |first=Raphael |last=Sabatini |title=The Life of Cesare Borgia |date=1912 |url= https://archive.org/stream/lifeofcesareborg00sabarich#page/n5/mode/2up|publisher=Stanley Paul & Company|location=London|page=426}}</ref>

On 31 August 1492 the new Pope, Alexander VI, held a consistory in which he named six cardinal legates, one of whom was Giuliano della Rovere, who was appointed Legate in Avignon.{{sfn|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 50 n. 545}} Cardinal Giuliano was increasingly alarmed by the powerful position assumed by Cardinal Ascanio Sforza and the Milanese faction in the Court of Alexander VI, and after Christmas Day in December 1492 chose to withdraw to his fortress in the town and diocese of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber River.<ref>{{harvnb|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.1, p. 338}}. Cf. {{harvnb|Burchard|1884|loc=II, p.26}}. See also the letter of the Florentine Ambassador Filippo Valori of 22 January 1493 ({{harvnb|Burchard|1884|loc=II, p. 627}}), which alludes to the Cardinal's motives and situation. He dates the withdrawal to Ostia on 20 December, but this is probably a ''lapsus calami'' or ''lapsus mentis'' for ''XXX''.</ref> In that same month, Federico of Altamura, the second son of King Ferdinando (Ferrante) of Naples was in Rome to pay homage to the new pope, and he reported back to his father that Alexander and Cardinal Sforza were working on establishing new alliances, which would upset Ferrante's security arrangements. Ferrante, therefore, decided to use della Rovere as the center of an anti-Sforza party at the papal court, a prospect made easier since Ferrante had prudently repaired his relations with Cardinal Giuliano after the War of the Barons. He also warned King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain that Alexander was intriguing with the French, which brought an immediate visit of a Spanish ambassador to the Pope. In June Federico of Altamura was back in Rome and held conversations with della Rovere, assuring him of Neapolitan protection. On 24 July 1493, Cardinal della Rovere returned to Rome (despite the warnings of [[Virginio Orsini]]) and dined with the Pope.{{sfn|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.1, pp. 336–340, 346–348}}

===Charles VIII and the French war over Naples===
Della Rovere at once determined to take refuge from Borgia's wrath at [[Ostia (Rome)|Ostia]]. On 23 April 1494, the Cardinal took ship, having placed his fortress at Ostia in the hands of his brother Giovanni della Rovere, and traveled to Genoa and then to Avignon. He was summoned by King Charles VIII to [[Lyon]]s, where the two met on 1 June 1494.{{sfn|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.1, p. 357}} He made an agreement with Charles VIII, who undertook to take Italy back from the Borgias by military force.<ref name=Ott1910>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ott |first=Michael |date=1910 |title=Pope Julius II |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |volume=8 |location=New York |publisher= Robert Appleton Co.}} [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08562a.htm From New Advent website]</ref> The King entered Rome with his army on 31 December 1494, with Giuliano della Rovere riding on one side and Cardinal Ascanio Sforza riding on the other. The King made several demands of Pope Alexander, one of which was that the [[Castel Sant'Angelo]] be turned over to French forces.<ref>"Accompanying the young king on his military campaign, [della Rovere] entered Rome along with him, and endeavoured to instigate the convocation of a council to inquire into the conduct of the pope with a view to [deposing him], but Alexander, having gained a friend in Charles VIII's minister [[Guillaume Briçonnet (Cardinal)| [Guillaume] Briçonnet]], Bishop of S. Malo, by the offer of a cardinal's hat, succeeded in counterworking [defeating] the machinations of his enemy [della Rovere], the death of [Pope] Alexander VI in 1503, where his son [[Cesare Borgia]] wished to be elevated, fell ill at the same time Della Rovere supported the candidature of Cardinal Piccolomini of [[Milan]], who was consecrated under the name of [[Pope Pius III]] on 8 October 1503,…then suffering from an incurable malady, of which he died in little more than a month afterward." BelfordClarke</ref> This Pope Alexander refused to do, claiming that Cardinal della Rovere would occupy it and become master of Rome.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jules de La Pilorgerie|title=Campagne et bulletins de la grande armée d'Italie commandée par Charles VIII, 1494–1495: d'après des documents rares ou inédits, extraits, en grande partie, de la bibliothèque de Nantes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJk4AAAAMAAJ |date=1866 |publisher=V. Forest et É. Grimaud|location=Nantes|language=fr|page=147}}<br>{{harvnb|Creighton|1903|loc=IV, p. 233}}.</ref> Charles soon conquered [[Naples]], making his triumphal entry on 22 February 1495, but he was forced to remove most of his army. As he was returning to the north, his army was defeated at the [[Battle of Fornovo]] on 5 July 1495, and his Italian adventure came to an end. The last remnants of the French invasion were gone by November 1496.<ref>{{harvnb|Creighton|1903|loc=IV, pp. 237–247}}.<br>{{cite book |last=Ritchie |first=Robert |date=2004 |title=Historical Atlas of the Renaissance |publisher= Checkmark Books |isbn=978-0816057313 |page=64}}</ref> Ostia, however, remained in French hands until March 1497, causing difficulties in the provisioning of the city of Rome.{{sfn|Pastor|1902|loc=V, p. 491}}

Back in Lyon in 1496, Charles VIII and Giuliano della Rovere were planning another war. Giuliano was traveling back and forth from Lyon to Avignon, raising troops. It was being reported in France by June 1496, moreover, that King Charles intended to have a papal election in France and to have Cardinal della Rovere elected pope.<ref>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=V, p. 485, note †}}.<br>{{harvnb|Sanuto ''I Diarii''||loc=[https://archive.org/details/idiariidimarino00unkngoog/page/n130/mode/2up Vol. I p. 219]}}.</ref>

In March 1497 Pope Alexander deprived Cardinal della Rovere of his benefices as an enemy of the Apostolic See, and Giovanni della Rovere of the Prefecture of Rome. His action against the Cardinal was done not only without the consent of the cardinals in consistory, but in fact over their vigorous objections.<ref>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=V, p. 491}}.<br>{{harvnb|Sanuto ''I Diarii''||loc=[https://archive.org/details/idiariidimarino00unkngoog/page/n296/mode/2up Vol. I p. 555]}}.</ref> By June, however, the Pope was in negotiations with the Cardinal for reconciliation and return to Rome.{{sfn|Pastor|1902|loc=V, p. 502 note *}} His benefices were restored to him after an apparent reconciliation with the Pope in August 1498.{{sfn|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, p. 61}}

===Louis XII and his Italian War===
{{Main|Italian War of 1499–1504}}

King Charles VIII of France, the last of the senior branch of the [[House of Valois]], died on 7 April 1498 after accidentally striking his head on the lintel of a door at the [[Château d'Amboise]]. When Cesare Borgia passed through southern France in October 1498 on his way to meet King [[Louis XII]] for his investiture as [[Duke of Valentinois]], he stopped in Avignon and was magnificently entertained by Cardinal della Rovere.<ref>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, p. 61 note II}}.<br>Gustave Bayle, "Fetes donnees par la Ville d'Avignon a Cesar Borgia," [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55435125/f372.image ''Mémoires de l'Academie de Vaucluse''] VII (1888), pp. 149–171.</ref> They then moved on to meet the King at [[Chinon]], where Cesare Borgia fulfilled one of the terms of the treaty between Louis and Alexander by producing the red hat of a cardinal, which had been promised for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen|Archbishop of Rouen]], [[Georges d'Amboise]]. It was Cardinal della Rovere, the Papal Legate, who placed the hat on Amboise's head.{{sfn|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.2, p. 444}}

Louis wanted an annulment from [[Joan of France, Duchess of Berry|Queen Joan]] so he could marry [[Anne of Brittany]], in the hope of annexing the [[Duchy of Brittany]]; Alexander, in turn, wanted a French princess as wife for Cesare. Della Rovere, who was trying to repair his relations with the House of Borgia, was also involved in another clause of the treaty, the marriage between Cesare Borgia and [[Charlotte of Naples|Carlotta]], the daughter of the King of Naples, who had been brought up at the French Court. Della Rovere was in favor of the marriage, but, according to Pope Alexander, King Louis XII was not, and, most especially, Carlotta was stubbornly refusing her consent. Alexander's plan of securing a royal throne for his son fell through, and he was very angry.<ref>{{harvnb|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.2, pp. 445–446}}.<br>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, pp. 65–66}}.</ref> Louis offered Cesare another of his relatives, the "beautiful and rich" [[Charlotte d'Albret]],<ref>Mackie, John Duncan (1991). The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558. Oxford University Press. p. 74</ref> whom Cesare married at [[Blois]] on 13 May 1499.

The marriage produced a complete ''volta facie'' in Pope Alexander. He became an open partisan of the French and Venice, and accepted their goal, the destruction of the Sforza hold on Milan. On 14 July, Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, della Rovere's sworn enemy, fled Rome with all his property and friends.{{sfn|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 54 n. 613}} Meanwhile, the French army crossed the Alps and captured [[Alessandria]] in Piedmont. On 1 September 1499 Lodovico ''Il Moro'' fled Milan, and on 6 September the city surrendered to the French. Cardinal Giuliano was in the King's entourage when he entered Milan on 6 October.{{sfn|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, pp. 68–71}}

Pope Alexander then turned his attention, stimulated by the Venetians, to the threat of the Ottoman Turks. In the autumn of 1499, he called for a crusade and sought aid and money from all Christendom. The rulers of Europe paid little attention, but to show his sincerity Alexander imposed a [[tithe]] on all the residents of the Papal States and a tithe on the clergy of the entire world. A list of cardinals and their incomes, drawn up for the occasion, shows that Cardinal della Rovere was the second-richest cardinal, with an annual income of 20,000 [[ducat]]s.<ref>The richest was Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, at 30,000 ducats. {{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, pp. 88–93}}.</ref>

Another break in relations between Pope Alexander and Cardinal Giuliano came at the end of 1501 or the beginning of 1502 when Giuliano was transferred from the Bishopric of Bologna to the diocese of Vercelli.<ref>24 January 1502: {{harvnb|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 108}}. Brosch, p. 88. {{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, p. 121, note §}}.</ref>

On 21 June 1502, Pope Alexander sent his secretary, Francesco Troche (Trochia), and Cardinal [[Amanieu d'Albret]] (brother-in-law of Cesare Borgia) to [[Savona]] to seize Cardinal della Rovere by stealth and bring him back to Rome as quickly as possible and turn him over to the Pope. The kidnapping party returned to Rome on 12 July, without having accomplished its mission.<ref>{{harvnb|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 56 nn. 649, 651}}.<br>{{harvnb|Burchard|1884|loc=II, pp. 209–212}}.<br>Cecil H. Clough, "Niccolò Machiavelli, Cesare Borgia, and the Francesco Troche Episode," ''Medievalia et Humanistica'' 17 (1966), pp. 129–149.</ref> On 20 July 1502, Cardinal Giovanni Battista Ferrari died in his rooms at the Vatican Palace; he had been poisoned, and his property was claimed by the Borgia.<ref>{{harvnb|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 56 n. 652}}. {{harvnb|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.2, pp. 492–493}}.</ref> On 3 January 1503, [[Giambattista Orsini|Cardinal Orsini]] was arrested and sent to the Castel Sant'Angelo; on 22 February he died there, poisoned on the orders of Alexander VI.<ref>{{harvnb|Eubel|1914|loc=p. 56 n. 656}}. {{harvnb|Gregorovius|1900|loc=VII.2, pp. 501–502, 506–507}}.</ref>