Editing Pope Innocent X (section)

==Papacy==
===Election===
{{main|Papal conclave, 1644}}
The [[Papal conclave, 1644|1644 conclave]] for the election of a successor to Pope Urban VIII was long and contentious, lasting from 9 August to 15 September. A large French faction led by Urban VIII's nephews objected to the Spanish candidate, as an enemy of [[Cardinal Mazarin]], who guided French policy. They put up their own candidate ([[Giulio Cesare Sacchetti]]) but could not establish enough support for him and agreed to Cardinal Pamphili as an acceptable compromise, though he had served as legate to Spain.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesth0301rank  ''History of the popes; their church and state (Volume III)''] by Leopold von Ranke (2009, [[Wellesley College]] Library)</ref> Mazarin, bearing the [[Jus exclusivae|French veto]] of Pamphili, arrived too late, and the election was accomplished.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xvii.htm#1644| title = Miranda, Salvador. 'Conclave of August 9 to September 15, 1644', The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church}}</ref>

===Relations with France===
{{Infobox popestyles
|image      = C o a Inocentius X.svg
|dipstyle   = [[His Holiness]]
|offstyle   = Your Holiness
|relstyle   = Holy Father
|deathstyle = None
|}}

Pamphili chose to be called Innocent X. Soon after his accession he initiated legal action against the [[Barberini family]] for misappropriation of public funds. The brothers [[Francesco Barberini (1597–1679)|Francesco Barberini]], [[Antonio Barberini]] and [[Taddeo Barberini]] fled to Paris, where they found a powerful protector in Cardinal Mazarin.<ref>George L. Williams, ''Popal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes'', (McFarland & Co., 1998), 109. {{ISBN?}}</ref> Innocent X confiscated their property, and on 19 February 1646, issued a [[papal bull]] decreeing that all cardinals who might leave the [[Papal States]] for six months without express papal permission would be deprived of their [[benefice]]s and eventually of their cardinalate itself. The French [[Parlement of Paris]] declared the papal ordinance void in France, but Innocent X did not yield until Mazarin prepared to send troops to Italy. Henceforth the papal policy towards France became more friendly, and somewhat later the Barberini were rehabilitated when the son of Taddeo Barberini, [[Maffeo Barberini (1631–1685)|Maffeo Barberini]], married [[Olimpia Giustiniani]], a niece of Innocent X.

In 1653, Innocent X, with the ''[[Cum occasione]]'' [[papal bull]], condemned five propositions of [[Jansenius]]'s ''[[Augustinus (Jansenist book)|Augustinus]]'',<ref>"Jansenism", Raymond A. Blacketer, ''The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The Early, Medieval, and Reformation Era'', Ed. Robert Benedetto, (Westminster John Knox Press, 2008), 348.</ref> as heretical and close to [[Lutheranism]]. This led to the [[formulary controversy]], [[Blaise Pascal]]'s writing of the ''[[Lettres Provinciales]]'', and finally to the razing of the [[Jansenist]] convent of [[Port-Royal-des-Champs|Port-Royal]] and the subsequent dissolving of its community.

===Relations with Parma===
The death of Pope Urban VIII is said to have been hastened by his chagrin at the result of the [[Wars of Castro|First War of Castro]], a war he had undertaken against [[Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma]]. Hostilities between the papacy and the [[Duchy of Parma]] resumed in 1649, and forces loyal to Pope Innocent X destroyed the city of [[Castro (city)|Castro]] on 2 September 1649.<ref name=Williams/>

Innocent X objected to the conclusion of the [[Peace of Westphalia]], which his [[nuncio]], [[Pope Alexander VII|Fabio Chigi]], protested in vain. In 1650 Innocent X issued the [[papal brief]] ''Zelo Domus Dei''<ref>[[Psalms]] 69:9, "For the zeal of thine house hath eaten me up, and the reproaches of them that reproached thee are fallen upon me."</ref> against the Peace of Westphalia, and backdated it to 1648 in order to preserve potential claims for confiscated land and property.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/9/9.4/9.4.7.pdf| title = Ryan, E.A., 'Catholics and the Peace of Westphalia'| access-date = 2015-05-16| archive-date = 2016-03-04| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074628/http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/9/9.4/9.4.7.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> The protests were ignored by the European powers.

===Wars of the Three Kingdoms===
During the [[Irish Confederate Wars]] (1641–53) (the [[Kingdom of Ireland|Irish]] component of the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]), Innocent X strongly supported the independent [[Confederate Ireland]], over the objections of Mazarin and the English Queen and then [[queen mother]], [[Henrietta Maria]], exiled in Paris.  The pope sent [[Giovanni Battista Rinuccini]], [[archbishop of Fermo]], as a special nuncio to Ireland. He arrived at [[Kilkenny]] with a large quantity of arms including 20,000 pounds of gunpowder, and a very large sum of money.<ref>"con somme cospicue di pecunia ed altre munizioni", G. Alazzi, ''Nunciatura in Irlanda di Monsignor Gio. Batista<!--Batista in original--> Rinuccini'' (Florence) 1844, preface (p. vi) to the publication of Rinucci's official letters: see [[Giovanni Battista Rinuccini]].</ref> Rinuccini hoped he could discourage the Confederates from allying with Charles I and the Royalists in the [[English Civil War]] and instead encourage them towards the foundation of an independent Catholic – ruled Ireland.

At Kilkenny, Rinuccini was received with great honours, asserting in his Latin declaration that the object of his mission was to sustain the king but, above all, to rescue from pains and penalties the Catholic people of Ireland in securing the free and public exercise of the Catholic religion, and the restoration of the churches and church property. In the end, [[Oliver Cromwell]] restored Ireland to the Parliamentarian side and Rinuccini returned to Rome in 1649, after four fruitless years.

===Other activities===
[[File:GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Guido Reni]]'s [[archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] ([[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini]], Rome) tramples a [[Satan]] with the vividly recognizable features of Pope Innocent X.]] 
During the papacy of Pope Urban VIII, the future Innocent X was the pope's most significant rival among the [[College of Cardinals]]. Antonio Barberini, Urban VIII's brother, was a cardinal who had begun his career with the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin brothers]]. About 1635, at the height of the [[Thirty Years' War]] in Germany, in which the papacy was intricately involved, Cardinal Antonio commissioned [[Guido Reni]]'s painting of the [[Archangel Michael]], trampling [[Satan]], who bears the recognizable features of Innocent X.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essenceofrome.com/guido-reni-and-innocent-x-in-the-painting-of-san-michele-arcangelo-do-you-see-the-resemblance/ |title= Guido Reni and Innocent X in the painting of San Michele Arcangelo |date= 18 April 2023 }}</ref> This bold political artwork still hangs in a side chapel of the Capuchin friars' Church of the Conception ([[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini]]) in Rome. A legend related to the painting is that the dashing and high-living artist, Guido Reni, had been insulted by rumours he thought were circulated by Cardinal Pamphili.

When, a few years later, Pamphili was raised to the papacy, other Barberini relatives fled to France on embezzlement accusations. Despite this, the Capuchins held fast to their chapel altarpiece.

Innocent was responsible for raising the Colegio de Santo Tomás de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario into the rank of a university. It is now the [[University of Santo Tomás]] in [[Manila]], the oldest existing in Asia.

In 1650, Innocent X celebrated a [[Jubilee (Christian)|Jubilee]]. He embellished Rome with inlaid floors and [[bas-relief]] in [[Saint Peter's Basilica|Saint Peter's]], erected [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]'s ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' in [[Piazza Navona]], the Pamphili stronghold in Rome, and ordered the construction of [[Palazzo Nuovo]] at the [[Capitoline Hill|Campidoglio]].<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/190607 "Pope Innocent X", The Met]</ref>

Innocent X is also the subject of ''[[Portrait of Innocent X]]'', a famous painting by [[Diego Velázquez]] housed in the family gallery of Palazzo Doria ([[Doria Pamphilj Gallery]]). This portrait inspired the "Screaming Pope" paintings by 20th-century painter [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]], the most famous of which is Bacon's ''[[Study after Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X]]''.

Innocent X has been described as irritable in his later years. In March 1654, Innocent X suddenly expelled his personal physician of eight years, [[Gabriel da Fonseca]], after Fonseca defended a barber who had bled the Pope.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Novoa |first=James William Nelson |date=2015 |title=Gabriel da Fonseca. A New Christian doctor in Bernini's Rome |url=https://dl.uc.pt/rest/bitstreams/11159125/retrieve |journal=Humanismo e Ciência: Antiguidade e Renascimento}}</ref> Fonseca claims he had been in service to the Pamphili family for over two decades, and that the Pope had regarded him not only as his physician but also as a private advisor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Novoa |first=James William Nelson |title=Medicine, learning and Self Representation in seventeenth century Italy |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32243226.pdf |journal=Humanismo, Diáspora e Ciência |publisher=Universidade de Lisboa |pages=213–232}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correia |first=Arlindo N.M. |date=2006 |title=Gabriel da Fonseca |url=https://www.arlindo-correia.com/061006.html |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>