Editing Pope Innocent II (section)

==Papacy==
===Struggle against the Antipope===
Anacletus had control of Rome, so Innocent II took ship for [[Pisa]], and thence sailed by way of [[Genoa]] to France, where the influence of [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] readily secured his cordial recognition by the clergy and the court.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=361}}{{sfn|Somerville|1970|p=101}} In October 1130, he was duly acknowledged by King [[Lothair III of Germany]] and his bishops at the synod of [[Würzburg]].{{sfn|Clark|2016|p=11}}{{sfn|Lees|1998|p=34}} In January 1131, he also had a favourable interview with [[Henry I of England]] at Chartres.{{sfn|Truax|2017|p=27}}

In August 1132, Lothar III undertook an expedition to Italy to set aside Anacletus as [[antipope]] and be crowned by Innocent. Anacletus and his supporters being in secure control of [[St. Peter's Basilica]], the coronation ultimately took place in the [[Lateran Basilica]] (4 June 1133), but otherwise the expedition proved abortive. Innocent II invested Lothair as emperor and the territories belonging to [[Matilda of Tuscany]] in return for an annuity of 100 pounds of silver paid to the pope.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=246}} After Lothar's hasty departure from Rome, Innocent fled to Pisa.{{sfn|Somerville|1970|p=100-101}}

In May 1135, Innocent convened the [[Council of Pisa (1135)|council of Pisa]], which was attended by over one hundred clerics and abbots.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=138}} Innocent II had the council declare [[antipope Anacletus II]] and his supporters excommunicated.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=138}} The second expedition by Lothar III in 1136 was no more decisive in its results, and the protracted struggle between the rival pontiffs was terminated only by the death of Anacletus II on 25 January 1138.

===Second Lateran Council===
{{main|Second Council of the Lateran}}
At the Second Lateran council of April 1139, King [[Roger II of Sicily]], Innocent II's most uncompromising foe, was [[excommunicated]].{{sfn|Houben|2002|p=70}} Can. 29 of the Council banned the use of crossbows, as well as slings and bows, against Christians.{{sfn|Schroeder|1937|p=195-213}}

===Treaty of Mignano===
On 22 July 1139, at [[Galluccio]], Roger II's son [[Roger III of Apulia]] ambushed the papal troops with a thousand knights and captured Innocent.{{sfn|Rogers|1997|p=118}} On 25 July 1139, Innocent was forced to acknowledge the kingship and possessions of Roger with the [[Treaty of Mignano]].{{sfn|Pacaut|2002|p=784}}

===Involvement with Outremer===
In his papal bull [[Omne Datum Optimum]] from March 1139, Innocent II had declared that the [[Knights Templar]]—a religious and military organization then twenty-one years old—should in the future be answerable only to the papacy.{{sfn|Bagni|2020|p=6}} That same year he sent [[Alberic of Ostia]] to examine the conduct of the [[Latin Patriarch of Antioch]] establish ties with the [[Armenian Catholicos]].{{sfn|Jotischky|2018|p=343}}{{sfn|Phillips|2007|p=41}} The consequent Latin synod in Antioch, attended also by the Armenian Catholicos [[Grigor III Pahlavuni|Gregory III]], marked the symbolic beginning of Armenian-Latin high-level clerical contacts and according to Armenian sources Innocent sent Gregory a letter of greeting with a staff and [[pallium]].{{sfn|Clapp|Dadoyan|2017|p=218}} On 25 September 1141 he wrote Catholicos Gregory III another long letter in which he asked him to cooperate with the Church of Rome and end the schism, which was achieved at the end of the century.{{sfn|Lapina|Morton|2017|p=195}}{{sfn|Ryan|2001|p=57}}

===Death===
Innocent II died on 24 September 1143{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=525}} and was succeeded by [[Pope Celestine II]].{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=206}}