Editing Pope Eugene III (section)

==Pontificate==
[[File:Medieval papal bulla of Pope Eugene III (front, reverse) (FindID 251727).jpg|thumb|A [[Bulla (seal)|bulla]] of Eugene III]]
During nearly the whole of his pontificate, Eugene III was unable to reside in [[Rome]]. Hardly had he left the city to be consecrated in the [[Farfa Abbey]] (about 40&nbsp;km north of Rome), when the citizens, under the influence of [[Arnold of Brescia]], the great opponent of the Pope's temporal power, established the old Roman constitution, the [[Commune of Rome]] and elected [[Giordano Pierleoni]] to be [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]]. Eugene III appealed for help to [[Tivoli, Italy]], to other cities at feud with Rome, and to King [[Roger II of Sicily]] (who sent his general [[Robert of Selby]]), and with their aid was successful in making such conditions with the Roman citizens as enabled him for a time to hold the semblance of authority in his capital. But as he would not agree to a treacherous compact against Tivoli, he was compelled to leave the city in March 1146. He stayed for some time at [[Viterbo]], and then at [[Siena]], but went ultimately to France.

On hearing of the [[Siege of Edessa (1144)|fall of Edessa]] (now the modern day city of [[Urfa]], the first of the Crusader states established in the Levant) to the Turks, which occurred in 1144, he had, in December 1145, addressed the [[papal bull|bull]] ''[[Quantum praedecessores]]'' to [[Louis VII of France]], calling on him to take part in another crusade.<ref>{{cite book |title=Henry the Liberal, Count of Champagne, 1127-1181 |first=Theodore |last=Evergates |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2016 |page=16}}</ref> Earlier the same year, Eugenius issued the [[Militia Dei]], allowing the Templar Order to charge tithes and fees for burials.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Knighthood |first=Malcolm |last=Barber |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |page=58}}</ref> At a great diet held at [[Speyer]] in 1146, King [[Conrad III of Germany]] and many of his nobles were also incited to dedicate themselves to the crusade by the eloquence of [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], preached to an enormous crowd at Vézelay.<ref name=":12"/> The [[Second Crusade]] turned out to be "an ignominious fiasco"<ref name=":12" /> and, after travelling for a year, the army abandoned their campaign after just five days of siege "having regained not one inch of Muslim territory."<ref name=":12" /> The crusaders suffered immense losses in both men and materiel and suffered, in the view of one modern historian, "the ultimate humiliation which neither they, nor their enemies, would forget".<ref name=":12" />

Eugene III held synods in northern [[Europe]] at [[Paris]],<ref>J.-D. Mansi (ed.), ''Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio'', editio novissima Tomus XXI (Venice: A. Zatta, 1776), pp. 707-712. Carl Joseph Hefele, ''Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux'' [https://archive.org/details/histoiredesconci51hefele Tome V, première partie] (Paris: Letouzey 1912), pp. 812-817.</ref> [[Rheims]] (March 1148),<ref>Mansi, pp. 711-736.</ref><ref>P. Jaffe, ''Regesta pontificum Romanorum'', II (Leipzig: Veit 1888), pp. 52-53.</ref> and [[Trier]] in 1147<ref>Mansi, pp. 737-738. Hefele, pp. 821-822.</ref> that were devoted to the reform of clerical life. He also considered and approved the works of [[Hildegard of Bingen]].

[[File:Mort Eugéne III.jpg|thumb|15th century miniature of the death of Eugene III from ''Le Miroir historial de [[Vincent of Beauvais|Vincent de Beauvais]]'']]
In June 1148, Eugene III returned to [[Italy]] and took up his residence at Viterbo. He was unable to return to Rome due to the popularity of Arnold of Brescia, who opposed papal temporal authority, in the city. He established himself at [[Ptolemy II of Tusculum|Ptolemy II]]'s fortress in [[Tusculum]], the closest town to Rome at which he could safely install himself, on 8 April 1149. There he met the returning [[Crusade]]r couple [[Louis VII of France]] and [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], who were by then barely on speaking terms given the strains of the failed Crusade and the rumors of Eleanor's incestuous adultery during the Crusade. Eugene, "a gentle, kind-hearted man who hated to see people unhappy"<ref name=":12" /> attempted to assuage the pain of the failed Crusade and their failing marriage by insisting that they slept in the same bed and "by daily converse to restore the love between them".<ref name=":12" /> His efforts were unsuccessful, and two years later Eugene agreed to annul the marriage on the grounds of consanguinity.<ref name=":12" />

Eugene stayed at Tusculum until 7 November. At the end of November 1149, through the aid of the king of Sicily, he was again able to enter Rome, but the atmosphere of open hostility from the Comune soon compelled him to retire (June 1150). Emperor [[Frederick I Barbarossa]] promised to aid Eugene against his subjects who had revolted but the support never came. Eugene III died at Tivoli on 8 July 1153. Though the citizens of Rome resented Eugene III's effort to assert his temporal authority, they recognized him as their spiritual lord. Until the day of his death he continued to wear the coarse habit of a [[Cistercian]] monk under his robe.<ref name=":12" /> He was buried in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] with every mark of respect.