Editing Pope Clement XIII (section)

==Pontificate==
===Election to the papacy===
{{Main|1758 papal conclave}}
[[Pope Benedict XIV]] died of gout in 1758 and the [[College of Cardinals]] gathered at the papal conclave in order to elect a successor. Direct negotiations between the rival factions resulted in the proposal for the election of Rezzonico. On the evening of 6 July 1758,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://c.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father/clemente-xiii.html |work=[[The Holy See]] |title=Clement XIII |access-date=5 December 2019 }}</ref> Rezzonico received 31 votes out of a possible 44, one more than the required amount. He selected the pontifical name of "Clement XIII" in honor of [[Pope Clement XII]], who had elevated him to the cardinalate. Rezzonico was [[Papal coronation|crowned]] as pontiff on 16 July 1758 by the [[protodeacon]], Cardinal [[Alessandro Albani]].

===Actions===
Notwithstanding the meekness and affability of his upright and moderate character, he was modest to a fault (he had the classical sculptures in the Vatican provided with mass-produced [[Fig leaf|fig leaves]])<ref name=Jesuitrest>{{cite web| url = http://www.sj2014.net/blog/feb-28-1759-clement-xiii-permits-bible-translations| title = "Feb 28 1759 - Clement XIII permits bible translations", Jesuit Restoration 1814| access-date = 23 July 2019| archive-date = 23 July 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190723204556/http://www.sj2014.net/blog/feb-28-1759-clement-xiii-permits-bible-translations| url-status = dead}}</ref> and generous with his extensive private fortune. He also permitted vernacular translations of the Bible in Catholic countries.<ref name=Jesuitrest/>

===The Jesuits===
Clement XIII's pontificate was repeatedly disturbed by disputes respecting the pressures to [[Suppression of the Jesuits|suppress the Jesuits]] coming from the progressive [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] circles of the ''[[philosophes]]'' in France.

Clement XIII placed the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' of [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert|D'Alembert]] and [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] on the ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index]],'' but this index was not as effective as it had been in the previous century. More unexpected resistance came from the less progressive courts of [[History of Spain (1700-1808)|Spain]], [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] & [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]. In 1758 the reforming minister of [[Joseph I of Portugal]] (1750–77), the [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal|Marquis of Pombal]], expelled the Jesuits from Portugal, and transported them all to [[Civitavecchia]], as a "gift for the Pope." In 1760, Pombal sent the [[papal nuncio]] home and recalled the Portuguese ambassador from the Vatican. The pamphlet titled the ''Brief Relation,''  which claimed the Jesuits had created their own sovereign [[Jesuit Reductions|independent kingdom]] in South America and tyrannised the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], all in the interest of an insatiable ambition and avarice,<ref name="Catholic"/> did damage to the Jesuit cause as well.

On 8 November 1760, Clement XIII issued a [[papal bull]] ''Quantum ornamenti'', which approved the request of King [[Charles III of Spain]] to invoke the [[Immaculate Conception]] as the [[Patroness]] of Spain, along with its eastern and western territories, while continuing to recognize [[Saint James the Greater]] as co-patron.

In France, the [[Parlement of Paris]], with its strong upper [[bourgeois]] background and [[Jansenist]] sympathies, began its campaign to expel the Jesuits from [[Kingdom of France|France]] in the spring of 1761, and the published excerpts from Jesuit writings, the ''Extrait des assertions'', provided anti-Jesuit ammunition (though, arguably, many of the statements the ''Extrait'' contained were made to look worse than they were through judicious omission of context). Though a congregation of bishops assembled at Paris in December 1761 recommended no action, [[Louis XV of France]] (1715–74) promulgated a royal order permitting the Society to remain in France, with the proviso that certain essentially liberalising changes in their institution satisfy the Parlement with a French Jesuit vicar-general who would be independent of the general in Rome. When the Parlement by the ''arrêt'' of 2 August 1762 suppressed the Jesuits in France and imposed untenable conditions on any who remained in the country, Clement XIII protested against this invasion of the Church's rights and annulled the ''arrêts''.<ref name="Catholic"/> Louis XV's ministers could not permit such an abrogation of French law, and the King finally expelled the Jesuits in November 1764.

Clement XIII warmly espoused the Jesuit order in a papal bull ''[[Apostolicum pascendi]]'', 7 January 1765, which dismissed criticisms of the Jesuits as calumnies and praised the order's usefulness; it was largely ignored: by 1768 the Jesuits had been expelled from France, Naples & Sicily and [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza|Parma]]. In Spain, they appeared to be safe, but Charles III (1759–88), aware of the drawn-out contentions in [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] France, decided on a more peremptory efficiency. During the night of 2–3 April 1767, all the Jesuit houses of Spain were suddenly surrounded, the inhabitants arrested, shipped to the ports in the clothes they were wearing and bundled onto ships for Civitavecchia. The King's letter to Clement XIII promised that his allowance of 100 ''piastres'' each year would be withdrawn for the whole order, should any one of them venture at any time to write anything in self-defence or in criticism of the motives for the expulsion,<ref name="Catholic"/> motives that he refused to discuss, then or in the future.

Much the same fate awaited them in the territories of the Bourbon [[Philip, Duke of Parma]], who was advised by the liberal minister [[Guillaume du Tillot]]. In 1768, Clement XIII issued a strong protest (''monitorium'') against the policy of the Parmese government. The question of the [[investiture]] of Parma (technically a Papal fief), aggravated the Pope's troubles. The Bourbon kings espoused their relative's quarrel, seized [[Avignon]], [[Benevento]] and [[Pontecorvo]], and united in a peremptory demand for the total suppression of the Jesuits (January 1769).<ref name="EB1911"/>

Driven to extremes, Clement XIII consented to call a [[papal consistory|consistory]] to consider the step, but on the very eve of the day set for its meeting he died, not without suspicion of poison, of which, however, there appears to be no conclusive evidence.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle= Clement/Clement XIII |display=Clement s.v. Clement XIII. |volume= 6 |page=487|last= Collier |first= Theodore Freylinghuysen  }}</ref>

===Ecumenism===
[[File:Ca' Rezzonico - La famiglia Rezzonico - Pietro Longhi.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Clement XIII with cardinal [[Carlo Rezzonico (cardinal)|Carlo Rezzonico]] and other members of Rezzonico family, {{circa|1758}}]]
Clement XIII made attempts at engaging with [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. This made little progress since Clement refused to compromise on doctrine with Protestants.

In support of this policy, he recognised the [[House of Hanover|Hanoverians]] as [[Kings of Great Britain]] despite the long-term residence in Rome of the Catholic [[House of Stuart]]. When [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] aka James III died in 1766, Clement refused to recognise his son [[Charles Edward Stuart]] as Charles III, despite the objections of his brother Cardinal [[Henry Benedict Stuart]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blaikie |first1=Walter Biggar |title=Origins of the Forty-Five, and Other Papers Relating to That Rising |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8895yAEACAAJ |date=1917 |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=978-1331341628 |edition=2017}}</ref>

===Other activities===
Clement XIII created 52 new cardinals in seven consistories in his pontificate. The pope created his nephew [[Carlo Rezzonico (cardinal)|Carlo]] as a cardinal in his first consistory and later created Antonio Ganganelli—who would succeed him as [[Pope Clement XIV]]—as a cardinal.

The pope approved the cultus for several individuals: [[Andrew of Montereale]] and [[Vincent Kadlubek]] on 18 February 1764, [[Angelus Agostini Mazzinghi]] on 7 March 1761, [[Anthony Neyrot]] on 22 February 1767, [[Agostino Novello]] in 1759, [[Elizabeth of Reute]] on 19 July 1766, James Bertoni in 1766, [[Francesco Marinoni]] on 5 December 1764, [[Mattia de Nazarei]] on 27 July 1765, [[Sebastian Maggi]] on 15 April 1760 and [[Angela Merici]] on 30 April 1768. He formally beatified Beatrix of Este the Elder on 19 November 1763, [[Bernard of Corleone]] on 15 May 1768, and [[Gregorio Barbarigo]] on 6 July 1761.

Clement XIII canonized four saints in his pontificate: [[Jerome Emiliani]], [[Joseph Calasanz]], [[Joseph of Cupertino]], and [[Seraphin of Montegranaro]] on 16 July 1767.

===Death===
[[File:St. Peter's Basilica, Monument to Pope Clement XIII, by Antonio Canova, 1792 (48466617492).jpg|thumb|Clement XIII's tomb in [[St. Peter's Basilica]]]]
Clement XIII died during the night of 2 February 1769 in Rome. He had participated in the solemnities to mark the [[Candlemas|Feast of the Purification of Mary]], and was noted to have participated with much fervor that would indicate good health. After lunch, he had a series of audiences, though did not leave the palace due to the exceptionally cold weather that had marred that week. He later received his nephew in an audience and then met with the [[Cardinal Secretary of State]] before he would dine with his nephew, Abondio Rezzonico, the senator of Rome. However, as the pope was getting ready for bed after reciting the evening prayers with his aide drawing off his stockings, he suddenly collapsed on his bed, exclaiming, "O God, O God, what pain!" The doctor, immediately summoned, tried [[blood-letting]], but Clement XIII died quickly with blood gurgling in his mouth at around 5:15pm. It is generally believed that the pope experienced an [[aneurysm]] of a [[blood vessel]] near the heart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-clement-xiii.htm|title=Pope Clement XIII: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election|publisher=Pickle Publishing|date=2005|author=|accessdate=7 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1769.html|title=Sede Vacante 1769|publisher=CSUN|date=4 July 2015|author=John Paul Adams|accessdate=7 March 2022}}</ref> 

He was laid to rest on 8 February 1769 in the Vatican but his remains were transferred on 27 September 1774 to a monument in the Vatican that had been sculpted by [[Antonio Canova]] at the request of Senator Abbondio Rezzonico, the nephew of the late pontiff.

He was described in the ''[[Annual Register]]'' for 1758 as "the honestest man in the world; a most exemplary ecclesiastic; of the purest morals; devout, steady, learned, diligent..."<ref>{{cite book  |title=The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature, of the Year 1758 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxrygMcR8fcC&pg=PA102 |location=London |publisher=R. and J. Dodsley |page=102 |date=1759 }}</ref>