Editing Pope Clement V (section)

==Pontificate==
===Clement V and the Knights Templar===
[[File:Bull (illustration). (FindID 65882).jpg|thumb|left|[[Bulla (seal)|Bulla]] of Clement V]]
Early in 1306, Clement V explained away those features of the [[Papal bull]] ''[[Clericis Laicos]]'' that might seem to apply to the king of France and essentially withdrew ''[[Unam Sanctam]]'', the bull of Boniface VIII that asserted papal supremacy over secular rulers and threatened Philip's political plans, a radical change in papal policy.{{sfn|Menache|2002|p=179}} Clement spent most of the year 1306 at Bordeaux because of ill-health. Subsequently, he resided at [[Poitiers]] and elsewhere.

On Friday, 13 October 1307, hundreds of the [[Knights Templar]] were arrested in France, an action apparently motivated financially and undertaken by the efficient royal bureaucracy to increase the prestige of the crown. Philip IV was the force behind this move, but it has also embellished the historical reputation of Clement V. From the very day of Clement V's coronation, the king charged the Templars with usury, credit inflation, fraud, [[Christian heresy|heresy]], sodomy, immorality, and abuses, and the scruples of the Pope were heightened by a growing sense that the burgeoning French State might not wait for the Church but would proceed independently.<ref name="Howarth">Howarth, pp. 11–14, 261, 323</ref>

Meanwhile, Philip IV's lawyers pressed to reopen [[Guillaume de Nogaret]]'s charges of heresy against the late [[Boniface VIII]] that had circulated in the pamphlet war around the bull ''Unam sanctam''. Clement V had to yield to pressures for this extraordinary trial, begun on 2 February 1309 at Avignon, which dragged on for two years. In the document that called for witnesses, Clement V expressed both his personal conviction of the innocence of Boniface VIII and his resolution to satisfy the king. Finally, in February 1311, Philip IV wrote to Clement V abandoning the process to the future Council of Vienne. For his part, Clement V absolved all the participants in the abduction of Boniface at [[Anagni]].<ref name="Howarth"/>

In pursuance of the king's wishes, Clement V in 1311 summoned the [[Council of Vienne]], which refused to convict the Templars of heresy. The Pope abolished the order anyway, as the Templars seemed to be in bad repute and had outlived their usefulness as papal bankers and protectors of pilgrims in the East.

False charges of heresy and [[sodomy]] set aside, the guilt or innocence of the Templars is one of the more difficult historical problems, partly because of the atmosphere of hysteria that had built up in the preceding generation (marked by habitually intemperate language and extravagant denunciations exchanged between temporal rulers and churchmen), partly because the subject has been embraced by conspiracy theorists and quasi-historians.<ref name="duffy">Duffy, pp. 403, 439, 460–463</ref>

===Crusades and relations with the Mongols===
{{See also|Franco-Mongol alliance}}
Clement sent [[John of Montecorvino]] to Beijing to [[Catholic Church in China|preach in China]].<ref>{{Catholic |wstitle=John of Montecorvino |first=Otto |last=Hartig |volume=8 |inline=1 |prescript=}}</ref>

[[File:Hayton of Corycus before Pope Clement V.jpg|thumb|[[Hayton of Corycus]] remitting his report on the Mongols ''La Flor des Estoires d'Orient'', to Pope Clement V in 1307.]]
Clement engaged intermittently in communications with the [[Mongol Empire]] towards the possibility of creating a [[Franco-Mongol alliance]] against the Muslims. In April 1305, the Mongol [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhan]] ruler [[Öljaitü]] sent an embassy led by [[Buscarello de Ghizolfi]] to Clement, [[Philip IV of France]], and [[Edward I of England]]. In 1307, another Mongol embassy led by [[Tommaso Ugi di Siena]] reached European monarchs. However, no coordinated military action was forthcoming and hopes of alliance petered out within a few years.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

In 1308, Clement ordered the preaching of a crusade to be launched against the [[Mamluk Sultanate]] in the Holy Land in the spring of 1309. This resulted in the unwanted [[Crusade of the Poor]] appearing before Avignon in July 1309. Clement granted the poor crusaders an indulgence but refused to let them participate in the professional expedition led by the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitallers]]. That expedition set off in early 1310, but instead of sailing for the Holy Land, the Hospitallers [[Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes|conquered the city of Rhodes]] from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]].<ref name=Badacs>Gábor Bradács, "Crusade of the Poor (1309)", in Jeffrey M. Shaw and Timothy J. Demy (eds.), ''War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict'', 3 vols. (ABC-CLIO, 2017), vol. 1, pp. 211–212.</ref>

On 4 April 1312, a Crusade was promulgated by Pope Clement V at the Council of Vienne. Another embassy was sent by Oljeitu to the West and to [[Edward II of England]] in 1313. The same year, [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] "took the cross", making the vow to go on a Crusade in the [[Levant]].<ref>Jean Richard, "Histoire des Croisades", p. 485</ref>

===Relations with Rome===
[[File: Sou d'or de Clément V frappé à Sorgues 1310.jpg|thumb|Sou coin depicting Clement V, 1310]]
In March 1309, the entire papal court moved from Poitiers to the [[Comtat Venaissin]], around the city of [[Avignon]].{{sfn|Menache|2002|p=2}} This move, actually to [[Carpentras]], the capital of the territory, was justified at the time by French apologists on grounds of security, since Rome, where the dissensions of the Roman aristocrats and their armed militia had reached a [[nadir]] and the [[Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano]] had been destroyed in a fire, was unstable and dangerous. But the decision proved the precursor of the long [[Avignon Papacy]], the "Babylonian captivity" (1309–77), in [[Petrarch]]'s phrase.{{sfn|Menache|2002|p=2}}

Clement V's pontificate was also a disastrous time for Italy. The [[Papal States]] were entrusted to a team of three cardinals, but Rome, the battleground of the [[Colonna family|Colonna]] and [[Orsini family|Orsini]] factions, was ungovernable. In 1310, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]] entered Italy, established the [[Visconti of Milan|Visconti]] as [[vicar]]s in [[Milan]], and was crowned by Clement V's legates in Rome in 1312 before he died near [[Siena]] in 1313.<ref name="duffy"/>

In [[Ferrara]], which was taken into the Papal States to the exclusion of the [[House of Este|Este]] family, papal armies [[War of Ferrara (1308–1313)|clashed]] with the [[Republic of Venice]] and its populace. When [[excommunication]] and [[Interdict (Catholic canon law)|interdict]] failed to have their intended effect, Clement V preached a [[crusade]] against the Venetians in May 1309, declaring that Venetians captured abroad might be sold into slavery, like non-Christians.<ref>Davidson, p. 40.</ref>

===Later career and death===
In his relations to the Empire, Clement was an opportunist. He refused to use his full influence in favour of the candidacy of [[Charles, Count of Valois|Charles of Valois]], brother of Philip IV, lest France became too powerful; and recognized [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry of Luxemburg]], whom his representatives crowned emperor at the Lateran in 1312. When Henry, however, came into conflict with [[Robert, King of Naples|Robert of Naples]], Clement supported Robert and threatened the emperor with excommunication and interdict.{{sfn|Menache|2002|p=172}} But the crisis passed with the unexpected death of Henry.{{sfn|Menache|2002|p=172}}

Other remarkable incidents of Clement V's reign include his violent repression of the [[Dulcinians]] in [[Lombardy]], which he considered a heresy, and his promulgation of the [[Clementine Constitutions]] in 1313.<ref>[[Pope John XXII]] reissued this collection in the bull ''Quoniam nulla'', 25 October 1317.</ref>

Clement died on 20 April 1314.{{sfn|Menache|2002|p=31}} According to one account, while his body was lying in state, a thunderstorm arose during the night and lightning struck the church where his body lay, setting it on fire.{{efn|Menache states a fire started and does not mention lightning{{sfn|Menache|2002|pp=31–32}}}} The fire was so intense that by the time it was extinguished, the Pope's body had been all but destroyed.{{sfn|Menache|2002|p=32}} He was buried at the collegiate church in [[Uzeste]] close to his birthplace in Villandraut as laid down in his will.{{sfn|Menache|2002|pp=31–32}}