Editing Pope Clement III (section)

==Papacy ==
Shortly after his accession at the conclusion of the [[Papal election, December 1187|papal election]] of December 1187, Clement succeeded in allaying the conflict which had existed for half a century between the popes and the citizens of Rome, with an agreement by which the citizens were allowed to elect their [[magistrate]]s, while the nomination of the governor of the city remained in the hands of the pope. In March 1188 Clement III had agreed that the Roman Church would reimburse numerous Roman citizens{{sfn|Wickham|2015|p=295}} who have not received any ''beneficia'' since Pope Lucius III, a probable cause of the conflict between the pope and Romans.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=5}} On 31 May 1188 he concluded a treaty with the Romans which removed long standing difficulties, thus returning the papacy to Rome.{{sfn|Rockwell|1911}} Clement wrote a letter to Archbishop of Toledo, Gonzalo Perez, where he bemoaned the power conflicts and political division among Spain's Christian population.{{sfn|Marin-Guzmán|1992|p=295}} The pope emphasized in this letter that the Christian war in Spain, the Reconquista, against Muslims was comparable to the Crusades in the Holy Land and urged for effective unity and the formation of a powerful army to combat them.{{sfn|Marin-Guzmán|1992|p=295}}

Clement also inherited a depleted [[college of cardinals]], consisting of no more than twenty cardinals. He orchestrated three series of promotions (March 1188, May 1189 and October 1190) that resulted in thirty-one cardinals.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=88}}{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=55}} This number of cardinals had not been seen since 1159, under [[Pope Adrian IV|Hadrian IV]].{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=89}} During Clement's papacy, the majority of cardinals were Romans, possibly due to Clement III being Roman as well and wanting to fill the Church with Romans.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=88}}

=== Actions ===
Clement sent the Archbishop of Tyre, Josias, to persuade King [[Henry II of England]] and King [[Philip II of France]] to undertake the [[Third Crusade]].{{sfn|Runciman|1999|p=5-6}}

The relationship of Romans and Sicily had been turbulent and the Romans were increasingly becoming mad at the pope before 1188 which had led to two rival factions in the college of cardinals, with one faction becoming closer to forming an alliance with the king of Sicily, and the other side wanting reconciliation with the emperor.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=88}}

In April 1189, Clement ended the conflict with [[Frederick I Barbarossa]]. In spite of agreeing to crown [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] as [[Holy Roman Emperor]], Clement III angered him by bestowing [[Sicily]] on [[Tancred, King of Sicily|Tancred]], son of [[Roger III, Duke of Apulia]].{{sfn|Benson|Figueira|2006|p=40}} The crisis was acute when the Pope died in the latter part of March 1191.{{sfn|Rockwell|1911}}

Clement, after Alexander III prohibited supplying military information and material to Muslims, had a series of decretals increased the banned items people would be allowed to trade and called for an embargo with the Islamic world.{{sfn|Lower|2014|p=605}}

Clement settled a controversy with King [[William I of Scotland]] concerning the choice of the [[archbishop]] of [[St Andrews]], and on 13 March 1188 removed the [[Church of Scotland|Scottish church]] from the legatine jurisdiction of the [[Archbishop of York]], thus making it independent of all save Rome.{{sfn|Rockwell|1911}}<ref>Blair, D. Oswald Hunter, ''History of the Catholic Church of Scotland'', (Willian Blackwood and Sons, 1887), 329.</ref>

=== Death ===
Clement died on 10 April 1191, Celestine III who was 85, was elected the day of Clements death unanimously.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=88}} Celestine was not involved with either of the sides or factions that were the 'imperialists' nor the 'Sicilians'.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=88}}