Editing Pomp and Circumstance Marches (section)

===March No. 1 in D===
====Dedication====
March No. 1, was composed in 1901 and dedicated "to my friend [[Alfred Edward Rodewald|Alfred E. Rodewald]] and the members of the Liverpool Orchestral Society".

====Instrumentation====
The instrumentation is: two [[piccolo]]s (2nd ''[[Ad libitum|ad lib.]]''), two [[Western concert flute|flute]]s, two [[oboe]]s, two [[clarinet]]s in A, [[bass clarinet]] in A, two [[bassoon]]s, [[contrabassoon]], four [[French horn|horn]]s in F, two [[trumpet]]s in F, two [[cornet]]s in A, three [[trombone]]s, [[tuba]], three [[timpani]], percussion ([[bass drum]], [[cymbal]]s, [[Triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]], [[Snare drum|side drum]], [[Jingle bell|jingle]]s, [[glockenspiel]] (ad. lib.) and [[tambourine]] (ad lib.)), two [[harp]]s, [[Organ (music)|organ]], and [[String section|strings]].

====History====
The best-known of the six marches, ''Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 in D'' had its premiere, along with March No. 2, in [[Liverpool]] on 19 October 1901, with Alfred Rodewald<ref>The Elgar Society website [http://www.elgar.org/3pomp-a.htm] mentions new research (August 2015) suggesting that Elgar conducted on that occasion, but is unclear whether Elgar conducted both marches or just No. 1.</ref> conducting the Liverpool Orchestral Society.{{sfn|Kennedy|1987|p=285}} Elgar and his wife attended, and it was a "frantic" success.<ref>{{harvnb|Moore|1984|p=357}}: "He and Alice went to Liverpool for Rodewald's première of the two ''Pomp and Circumstance'' Marches. The success of the first March especially was frantic.</ref> Both marches were played two days later at a London Promenade Concert (which the Elgars unintentionally missed) in the [[Queen's Hall]] London, conducted by [[Henry Wood]], with March No. 1 played second. Wood remembered that the audience "...rose and yelled... the one and only time in the history of the Promenade concerts that an orchestral item was accorded a double encore."{{sfn|Wood|1938|p=203-204}}

The ''[[Ternary form#Compound ternary or trio form|Trio]]'' contains the tune known as "[[Land of Hope and Glory]]". In 1902 the tune was re-used, in modified form, for the "Land of hope and glory" section of his ''[[Coronation Ode]]'' for King [[Edward VII]].<ref>{{harvnb|Moore|1984|p=365}}: "[Working on the ''Coronation Ode'', Elgar] wrote to Arthur Benson to ask whether words might be written to fit the ''Pomp and Circumstance'' Trio tune ... [Benson] sent verses for a Finale beginning 'Land of hope and glory ...'"</ref> The words were further modified to fit the original tune. The result has since become a fixture at the [[BBC Proms|Last Night of the Proms]], and an English sporting anthem and general patriotic song.

March No. 1 was the first piece in the recessional music for the coronations of [[George VI]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance Marches: what they are, when he composed them and their place in history |url=https://www.classical-music.com/features/works/elgars-pomp-circumstance-marches-guide}}</ref> and [[Elizabeth II]], followed in both cases by March No. 4.
<ref>{{cite web
 | title = George VI Coronation Music
 | publisher = Westminster Abbey
 | url = https://www.westminster-abbey.org/media/5355/george-vi-coronation-music.pdf
 | access-date = 30 August 2023
 | archive-date = 14 January 2024
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240114061239/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/media/5355/george-vi-coronation-music.pdf
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
 | title = Music Played at the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey
 | publisher = Westminster Abbey
 | url = https://www.westminster-abbey.org/media/5250/elizabeth-ii-coronation-1953-music-full-list.pdf
 | access-date = 30 August 2023
 | archive-date = 30 August 2023
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230830102307/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/media/5250/elizabeth-ii-coronation-1953-music-full-list.pdf
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref>

[[File:Pomp and circumstances No. 1.ogg|thumb|Instrumental version commonly used in [[graduation ceremonies]], recorded in 1931]]
In Canada, the Philippines, and the United States, the ''Trio'' section "Land of Hope and Glory" of March No. 1 is often known simply as "Pomp and Circumstance" or as "The Graduation March" and is played as the [[Wikt:processional|processional tune]] at virtually all high school and most college graduation ceremonies.<ref name=Hoffman>{{cite web
 | last = Hoffman
 | first = Miles
 | title = Pomp and Circumstance; familiar standard marches ahead of competitors
 | work = Morning Edition
 | publisher = National Public Radio
 | date = 27 May 2003
 | url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1273081
 | access-date = 21 January 2009}}</ref> It was first played at such a ceremony on 28 June 1905, at [[Yale University]], where the Professor of Music [[Samuel Sanford]] had invited his friend Elgar to attend commencement and receive an honorary [[Doctor of Music|doctorate of music]]. Elgar accepted, and Sanford made certain he was the star of the proceedings, engaging the [[New Haven Symphony Orchestra]], the College Choir, the Glee Club, the music faculty members, and New York musicians to perform two parts from Elgar's oratorio ''The Light of Life'' and, as the graduates and officials marched out, "Pomp and Circumstance" March No. 1. Elgar repaid the compliment by dedicating his ''[[Introduction and Allegro (Elgar)|Introduction and Allegro]]'' to Sanford later that year.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~j.b.w/elg2.htm |first=James |last=Beswick Whitehead |title=Elgar's English Twilight, an Idyll |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630225105/http://www.btinternet.com/~j.b.w/elg2.htm |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}.</ref>

====Description====
March No. 1 opens with an introduction marked ''Allegro, con molto fuoco.''<ref>''Allegro, con molto fuoco''; "Lively, with much fire"</ref><ref>This is played by the full orchestra. Unconventionally, the music starts on the second half of the second [[Beat (music)|beat]] of each [[Bar (music)|bar]], accented, in a [[Key (music)|key]] (remote from the march's 'home' [[D major|key of D]]) which resembles a favourite [[military band]] [[B-flat major|key of B{{music|flat}}]] but found to be in the [[Lydian mode]] on E{{music|flat}}, the same little motif proceeding down in the bass and up in the treble voices half a bar later, all punctuated by chords on the second beats.</ref> The introduction leads to a new theme: strong pairs of beats alternating with short notes, and a bass which persistently clashes with the tune. The bass [[tuba]] and full brass is held back until the section is repeated by the full orchestra. A little rhythmic pattern is played by the strings, then repeated high and low in the orchestra before the section is concluded by a chromatic upward scale from the woodwind. The whole of this lively march section is repeated. The bridging section between this and the well-known ''Trio'' has rhythmic chords from the brass punctuating high held notes from the wind and strings, before a fanfare from trumpets and trombones leads into the theme with which the march started. There are a few single notes that quieten, ending with a single quiet tap from [[snare drum|side drum]] and [[cymbal]] accompanied by all the [[bassoon]]s.<ref>This single note from side drum and cymbal, off the beat, accompanied by bassoons and contrabassoon is perhaps Elgar's tribute to [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], resembling the [[Turkish music (style)|Turkish music]] in the finale of his ''[[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Choral Symphony]]''</ref> The famous, lyrical "Land of Hope and Glory" ''trio'' follows (in the [[subdominant]] [[G major|key of G]]), played softly (by the first violins, four horns and two clarinets) and repeated by the full orchestra including two harps. What follows is a repetition of what has been heard before, including a fuller statement of the ''Trio'' (this time in the 'home' key of D) in which the orchestra is joined by [[organ (music)|organ]] as well as the two [[harp]]s. The march ends, not with the big tune, but with a short section containing a brief reminder of the brisk opening march.