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====Religious reformers==== Religious reformers played a large role in developing and disseminating ideas with magazines and periodicals like ''al-Imam'' published in Singapore by [[Sheikh Tahir Jalaluddin|Tahir Jalaluddin]] between 1906 and 1908, and ''al-Munir'' published in [[Penang]] by [[Abdullah Ahmad (publisher)|Abdullah Ahmad]] between 1911 and 1916. These in turn were primarily influenced by the Egyptian Islamic reform magazine, ''al-Manar'' published in Cairo by [[Rashid Rida]] from 1898 to 1936.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islam: Essays on Scripture, Thought and Society : A Festschrift in Honour of Anthony H. Johns |last=Riddell |first=Peter G. |author2=Tony Street |author3=Anthony Hearle Johns |year=1997 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-10692-8 |pages=297β298 }}</ref> While these publications were primarily concerned with the [[Islam]]ic religion, it also touched extensively on the social, political and economic conditions of the Malays.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.singapedia.com.sg/entries/a/al_imam.html |title=Al Imam |access-date=25 June 2008 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Singapore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503132646/http://www.singapedia.com.sg/entries/a/al_imam.html |archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> One of the first such movements was the [[New Hope Society (Malaya)|New Hope Society]] ({{langx|ms|Persekutuan Pengharapan Belia}}) that was established in [[Johor Bahru]] in 1916. On 14 September 1923, a movement was established in [[Al-Azhar University]] in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] by students from [[British Malaya]] and the [[Dutch East Indies]] known as the [[Al-Jam'iyah Al-Khairiyah lit-tholabah Al-Azhariyah Al-Jawiyah]] (renamed in 1937 to the [[Indonesia Malaya Convention]] or ''Perhimpunan Indonesia Malaya''; '''PERPINDOM''').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ppmimesir.info/?pilih=hal&id=6 |title=Sejarah dan Perkembangan PPMI Mesir |access-date=25 June 2008 |work=Persatuan Pelajar dan Mahasiswa Indonesia β Mesir (Indonesian Students and Graduates Society β Egypt) |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080109100912/http://www.ppmimesir.info/?pilih=hal&id=6 |archive-date=9 January 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Composed primarily of students influenced by the [[Young Turks]] movement and later the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], the movement encouraged intentional political and religious discourse through periodicals like [[Osman Abdullah]]'s ''Seruan Al-Azhar'' (''Al-Azhar Clarion'') and ''Pilehan Timur'' (''Oriental Choice'').<ref>{{cite book |title=Islam dan Masyarakat Melayu. Peranan dan Pengaruh Timur Tengah |last=Mohammad Redzuan Othman |year=2005 |publisher=University of Malaya Press |location=Kuala Lumpur |isbn=983-100-270-9 |pages=210 }}</ref>
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