Editing Political party (section)

===18th century===
[[File:A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|In ''A Block for the Wigs'' (1783), [[James Gillray]] caricatured Fox's return to power in a coalition with North. George III is the blockhead in the centre.]]
Some scholars argue that the first modern political parties developed in [[early modern Britain]] in the 17th century, after the [[Exclusion Crisis]] and the [[Glorious Revolution]].<ref name = "Jones61">{{cite book | last=Jones | first=J. R. | title = The First Whigs. The Politics of the Exclusion Crisis. 1678–1683 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1961}}</ref>{{rp|4}} The [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] faction originally organized itself around support for Protestant [[constitutional monarchy]] as opposed to [[Absolute Monarchy|absolute rule]], whereas the conservative [[Tory (British political party)|Tory]] faction (originally the [[Royalist]] or [[Cavalier]] faction of the [[English Civil War]]) supported a strong monarchy, and these two groups structured disputes in the politics of the [[United Kingdom]] throughout the 18th century<ref name = "Jones61" />{{rp|4}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hamowy |first=Ronald |title=Whiggism |author-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc=750831024 |lccn=2008009151 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n328 |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930100756/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC%2F |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Rockingham Whigs]] have been identified as the first modern political party, because they retained a coherent party label and motivating principles even while out of power.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jessenorman.com/2013/09/conhome-op-ed-the-usa-radical-conservatism-and-edmund-burke.html |title=ConHome op-ed: the USA, Radical Conservatism and Edmund Burke |access-date=19 October 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020123727/http://www.jessenorman.com/2013/09/conhome-op-ed-the-usa-radical-conservatism-and-edmund-burke.html |url-status=live |date=Sep 2, 2013 |website=Jesse Norman}}</ref>

At the end of the century, the United States also developed a party system, called the [[First Party System]]. Although the framers of the 1787 [[United States Constitution]] did not all anticipate that American political disputes would be primarily organized around political parties, political controversies in the early 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the [[Presidency of George Washington#Rise of political parties|emergence of two proto-political parties]]: the [[Federalist Party]] and the [[Democratic-Republican Party]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Hofstadter | first = Richard | title = The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840 |publisher = University of California Press |page=ix | year = 1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | editor = William Nisbet Chambers | title = The first party system | url = https://archive.org/details/firstpartysystem00cham | url-access = registration |page=1 | year = 1972| publisher = New York: Wiley | isbn = 978-0471143406 }}</ref>