Editing Polar climate (section)

===Arctic===
{{Main|Climate of the Arctic}}
[[Image:Arctic big.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|A map of the Arctic. The red line indicates the 10°C [[isotherm (contour line)|isotherm]] in July and the white area shows the average minimum [[Measurement of sea ice#Sea ice extent|extent of sea ice]] in [[summer]] as of 1975.<ref>{{CIA World Factbook|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613024704/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/reference_maps/pdf/arctic.pdf}}</ref>]]
Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice ([[sea ice]], [[glacier|glacial ice]], or [[snow]]) year-round, especially at the most poleward parts; and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice or snow on the surface. Average January temperatures range from about {{convert|−40|to|0|C|F}}, and winter temperatures can drop below {{convert|−50|C|F}} over large parts of the Arctic. Average July temperatures range from about {{convert|−10|to|10|C|F}}, with some land areas occasionally exceeding {{convert|30|C|F}} in summer.

The Arctic consists of an [[Arctic Ocean|ocean]] that is almost surrounded by landmasses like [[Russia]] and [[Canada]]. As such, the [[climate]] of much of the [[Arctic]] is moderated by the ocean water, which can never have a temperature below {{convert|−2|C|F}}. In winter, this relatively warm water, even though covered by the [[Arctic ice pack|polar ice pack]], keeps the [[North Pole]] from being the coldest place in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and it is also part of the reason that [[Antarctica]] is so much colder than the Arctic. In summer, the presence of the nearby water keeps coastal areas from warming as much as they might otherwise, just as it does in [[temperate]] regions with [[maritime climate]]s.