Editing Plastic surgery (section)

==Nascency of maxillofacial surgery==
{{Refimprove section|date=May 2023}}
The development of weapons such as [[machine gun]]s and [[explosive shell]]s during [[World War I]] created trench warfare, which led to a rapid increase in the number of mutilations to the faces and the heads of soldiers because the trenches mainly offered protection to the body. The surgeons, who were not prepared for these injuries, were even less prepared for a large number of injuries and had to react quickly and intelligently to treat the greatest number. Facial injuries were hard to treat on the front line, and because of the sanitary conditions, many infections could occur. Sometimes, some stitches were made on a jagged wound without considering the amount of flesh that had been lost, so the resulting scars were hideous and disfigured soldiers. Some of the wounded had severe injuries, and the stitches were not sufficient, so some became blind or were left with gaping holes instead of their nose. [[Harold Gillies]], scared by the number of new facial injuries and the lack of good surgical techniques, decided to dedicate an entire hospital to the reconstruction of facial injuries as fully as possible. He took into account the psychological dimension. Gillies introduced [[skin grafts]] to the treatments of soldiers, so they would be less horrified by looking at themselves in the mirror.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alotaibi A, Aljabab A, Althubaiti G | title = Predictors of Oral Function and Facial Aesthetics Post Maxillofacial Reconstruction with Free Fibula Flap | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open | volume = 6 | issue = 11 | pages = e1787 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30881773 | pmc = 6414127 | doi = 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001787 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stathopoulos P | title = Maxillofacial surgery: the impact of the Great War on both sides of the trenches | journal = Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–24 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29067543 | doi = 10.1007/s10006-017-0659-5 | s2cid = 3418182 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The birth of plastic surgery {{!}} National Army Museum |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/birth-plastic-surgery |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.nam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

It is the multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of facial lesions, bringing together [[plastic surgeons]], dental surgeons, technicians, and specialized nurses, which has made it possible to develop techniques leading to the reconstruction of injured faces. Before the dentist [[Auguste Charles Valadier]] and then Gillies identified the need to advance the specialty of maxillofacial surgery, which would be directly dedicated to the management of war wounds at this time. Gillies developed a new technique using rotational and transposition flaps but also bone grafts from the ribs and tibia to reconstruct facial defects caused by the weapons during the war. He experimented with this technique so he knew that he had to start by moving back healthy tissue to its normal position, and then he would be able to fill with tissue from another place on the body of the soldier. One of the most successful techniques in skin grafting had the aim of not completely severing the connection to the body. It was possible by releasing and lifting a flap of skin from the wound. The flap of skin, still connected to the donor site, would then be swung over the site of the wound, allowing the maintenance of physical connection and ensuring that blood is supplied to the skin, increasing the chances of the skin graft being accepted by the body. At this time, we{{Who|date=January 2025}} also assisted in improving treating infections also meant that important injuries had become survivable, mostly thanks to the new technique of Gillies. Some soldiers arrived at the hospital of Gillies without noses, chins, cheekbones, or even eyes. But for them, the most important trauma was psychological.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Klein C |title=Innovative Cosmetic Surgery Restored WWI Vets' Ravaged Faces—And Lives |url=https://www.history.com/news/world-war-i-plastic-surgery-innovations-gillies |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=HISTORY |date=26 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zola M | title = World War I maxillofacial fracture splints | journal = Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | volume = 62 | issue = 5 | page = 643 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15141677 | doi = 10.1016/j.joms.2004.02.005 }}</ref>